Carvalho, João P. MatosFachada, NunoPita, Manuel Arturo MarquesSaraiva, Bruno David FerreiraMatos-Carvalho, João Pedro2023-12-01Carvalho , J P M , Fachada , N , Pita , M A M , Saraiva , B D F & Matos-Carvalho , J P 2023 , ' ParShift: a Python package to study order and differentiation in group conversations ' , SoftwareX , vol. 24 , 101554 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2023.1015542352-7110SoftwareXCollective organization in multi-party conversations emerges through the exchange of utterances between participants. While most research has focused on content-centred mechanisms that lead to emergent conversational coordination, less attention has been given to explaining conversational order based on who is addressed and who responds, especially when dealing with large conversational datasets. In this paper, we introduce a Python library, ParShift, that implements a state-of-the-art theoretical quantitative framework known as Participation Shifts. This framework enables researchers to study participant-centred order and differentiation in multi-party conversations. With ParShift, researchers can characterize conversations by quantifying the probabilities of events related to how people address each other during conversations. This library is particularly useful for studying conversation threads in social networks, parliamentary debates, team meetings, or student debates on a large scale. Keywords: Small groups Social interaction Participation shifts Interpersonal coordination Turn-taking Emergent social behaviourapplication/pdfengopenAccessGRUPOSINTERAÇÃO SOCIALCOMPORTAMENTO SOCIALINFORMÁTICAGROUPSSOCIAL INTERACTIONSOCIAL BEHAVIOURCOMPUTER SCIENCEarticlehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.softx.2023.101554