Novas alternativas terapêuticas para a administração oral da insulina
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Data
2008
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Edições Universitárias Lusófonas
Resumo
A Diabetes Mellitus é uma doença metabólica que se caracteriza fundamentalmente pela ausência de produção de
insulina (sendo por isso designada de diabetes tipo 1), ou no caso de produzir a hormona, o organismo não consegue utilizá-la eficazmente (neste caso designada de diabetes tipo 2). Trata-se de uma doença em franca expansão e surge
nos dias de hoje como uma das grandes preocupações para os profissionais de saúde. O aparecimento das
complicações associadas à doença está relacionado com o controlo dos níveis sanguíneos de glucose. Nos casos de total ausência de produção de insulina (diabetes do tipo 1), o controlo da doença engloba injecções de insulina
diárias, geralmente mais do que uma vez por dia, aliadas a um exercício físico frequente e a uma alimentação
cuidada. Em termos terapêuticos, a insulina continua a ser a única forma de tratamento da diabetes do tipo 1. Até à data, a insulina tem sido administrada exclusivamente pela via parentérica. A investigação nesta doença incide na
procura de novas vias de administração alternativas de insulina e na procura de novas terapêuticas com recurso, por
exemplo, de implantação de células Pancreáticas. Entre as vias de administração alternativas de insulina, destaca-se
a investigação na via de administração oral de insulina uma vez que esta é considerada a via mais favorável do ponto de vista do doente mas também porque reproduz mais fielmente o que se passa num indivíduo sem a doença. O presente artigo resume algumas das estratégias que foram investigadas e/ou outras estratégias que ainda se encontram sob investigação nomeadamente as tecnologias que envolvem promotores de absorção, inibidores
enzimáticos, células, micro e nanopartículas ou combinações de estratégias anteriores.
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease which is mainly characterized by the lack of insulin production (Type 1 diabetes), or in the case of producing this hormone, body cannot use it effectively (Type 2 diabetes). This is a rapid growing disease and now is considered as a major concern to health professionals. The onset of complications associated with the disease is related to the monitoring of glucose blood levels. In cases of total absence of production of insulin (Type 1 diabetes), the treatment of the disease include daily injections of insulin, usually more than once a day, associated to regular physical exercise and a careful diet. In terms of therapy, insulin remains the only form of control ofType 1 diabetes. Until today, insulin has been administered exclusively through the parenteral route. The research in this disease addresses new alternative routes of administration of insulin and new therapies using, for example, implantation of pancreatic cells. Among the alternative routes of administration of insulin, oral route is still extensively studied since it is considered the most accepted for the patient but also because it reflects more accurately what is happening in a person without the disease. This article summarizes some of the strategies that have been investigated and/or other strategies which are under research including technologies involving promoters of absorption, enzyme inhibitors, cells, micro and nanoparticles or combinations of the previous strategies.
Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease which is mainly characterized by the lack of insulin production (Type 1 diabetes), or in the case of producing this hormone, body cannot use it effectively (Type 2 diabetes). This is a rapid growing disease and now is considered as a major concern to health professionals. The onset of complications associated with the disease is related to the monitoring of glucose blood levels. In cases of total absence of production of insulin (Type 1 diabetes), the treatment of the disease include daily injections of insulin, usually more than once a day, associated to regular physical exercise and a careful diet. In terms of therapy, insulin remains the only form of control ofType 1 diabetes. Until today, insulin has been administered exclusively through the parenteral route. The research in this disease addresses new alternative routes of administration of insulin and new therapies using, for example, implantation of pancreatic cells. Among the alternative routes of administration of insulin, oral route is still extensively studied since it is considered the most accepted for the patient but also because it reflects more accurately what is happening in a person without the disease. This article summarizes some of the strategies that have been investigated and/or other strategies which are under research including technologies involving promoters of absorption, enzyme inhibitors, cells, micro and nanoparticles or combinations of the previous strategies.
Descrição
Revista Lusófona de Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde
Palavras-chave
DIABETES, INSULINA, DIABETES, INSULIN, CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS, PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, FARMACOLOGIA, PHARMACOLOGY, NANOTECNOLOGIA, NANOTECHNOLOGY, ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS, MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION