A prática desportiva do karaté em Portugal. Análise sociológica sobre as identidades, ideologias, comunidades e culturas dos karatecas (cintos castanho e negro) portugueses
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2017
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Na análise sociológica das culturas dos karatecas graduados, pretendemos demonstrar que a mítica
tradição guerreira dos Samurais do Japão se encontra presente de forma dominante no processo de
globalização do karaté, traduzida na conceção de treino enquanto expressão do Budô, veiculado por uma
filosofia oriental constitutiva de um estilo de vida identitário, e envolvimentos organizacionais particulares,
que se afirmam como forma de resistência ao modelo de competição desportiva ocidental, apesar da
existência de diferentes usos e disposições sociais por parte dos praticantes dos diferentes estilos de karaté,
ainda que independentemente do sexo, idade e escolaridade.
No aprofundamento do objeto de estudo, definimos três hipóteses e construímos um modelo de
análise para a sua operacionalização. Recorreu-se à metodologia extensiva e à aplicação de diversas
técnicas de investigação social: observação direta, observação-participante, entrevista semi-diretiva e
inquérito por questionário. O universo foi de 244 praticantes de karaté avançados (cintos castanho e negro),
a nível nacional, tendo sido realizadas de forma a completar a informação 31 entrevistas junto de
interlocutores privilegiados.
Os resultados revelam que se encontra um estilo de vida identitário entre os praticantes experientes
de karaté ainda que, decorrente de usos e disposições sociais particulares, se encontrasse alguma
diferenciação, tal como pressupunha a nossa primeira hipótese, mas independentemente do estilo adotado
na prática, tal como do sexo, da idade e da escolaridade.
A análise da informação mobilizada aponta para a existência de um carácter multidimensional na
orientação e valorização de diferentes aspetos do karaté, mas a maioria concebe a sua prática como
expressão do Budô, através de práticas de lutas convencionais, imagens, símbolos e veiculação de valores,
tal como pressupunha a nossa segunda hipótese, igualmente independentemente do estilo de karaté, do
sexo, idade e escolaridade.
Os dados apontam ainda que as relações entre os praticantes experientes de karaté da vertente de
não-competição e de competição desportiva têm vindo a caracterizar-se por tensões, dinâmicas de
resistência e conflitos, geradores de cisões entre agentes de ensino, espaços de prática ou clubes e estrutura
federativa, como afirmava a nossa terceira hipótese, embora a análise realizada nos permita concluir que a
leitura que se expressa da realidade se afigura redutora, e, deste modo, só em parte podemos afirmar que a
hipótese se verifica. Tratam-se, pois, de dinâmicas de afirmação de interesses e de poder dentro do campo
do karaté, que coexistem com várias formas de cooperação, ambas contribuindo para o reforço da
identidade do mesmo.
In the sociological analysis of the cultures of graduated karatekas, we intend to demonstrate that the mythical warrior traditions of Japan Samurai is present in a dominant way in karate globalization process, reflected in the training as an expression of Budô, constitutive by an eastern philosophy, an identity lifestyle, and private organizational involvements that states as a form of resistance to Western sports competition model, despite the existence of different uses and social provisions by practitioners. In the deepening of the study object we set three hypotheses and construct an analysis model for its operation. We have used extensive methodology and the application of various techniques of social research: direct observation, participant observation, semi-directive interview and survey with a questionnaire. The universe was 244 practitioners of advanced karate (brown and black belts), at national level. Additionaly, in order to complete the information, 31 interviews have been performed with privileged interlocutors. The results show that there are an identity lifestyle among experienced practitioners of karate, although due to particular uses and social provisions, we have found some differentiation that presupposes our first hypothesis, but regardless of the styles adopted in practice, sex, age and education level. The analysis of the information mobilized points out the existence of a character multidimensional of orientation and expression of Budô althrough conventional practical struggles, images, symbols and values, as it presupposes our second hypothesis, also regardless of karate styles, sex, age and education level. The data also point out that the relationships between the experience apprentices of karate of the non competition and sport competition have been becoming characterized for tensions, resistance and conflicts dynamics, generators of scissions among teaching agents, practice spaces or clubs and federal structure, has affirmed by our third hypothesis, although the accomplished analysis allows us to conclude that the reading expressed from reality is reduced, and, this way, we can only partly affirm that the hypothesis is verified. This is affirmation of dynamics and interest and power within the karate field coexisting with various forms of cooperation, both contributing to the strengthening of the identity of the same.
In the sociological analysis of the cultures of graduated karatekas, we intend to demonstrate that the mythical warrior traditions of Japan Samurai is present in a dominant way in karate globalization process, reflected in the training as an expression of Budô, constitutive by an eastern philosophy, an identity lifestyle, and private organizational involvements that states as a form of resistance to Western sports competition model, despite the existence of different uses and social provisions by practitioners. In the deepening of the study object we set three hypotheses and construct an analysis model for its operation. We have used extensive methodology and the application of various techniques of social research: direct observation, participant observation, semi-directive interview and survey with a questionnaire. The universe was 244 practitioners of advanced karate (brown and black belts), at national level. Additionaly, in order to complete the information, 31 interviews have been performed with privileged interlocutors. The results show that there are an identity lifestyle among experienced practitioners of karate, although due to particular uses and social provisions, we have found some differentiation that presupposes our first hypothesis, but regardless of the styles adopted in practice, sex, age and education level. The analysis of the information mobilized points out the existence of a character multidimensional of orientation and expression of Budô althrough conventional practical struggles, images, symbols and values, as it presupposes our second hypothesis, also regardless of karate styles, sex, age and education level. The data also point out that the relationships between the experience apprentices of karate of the non competition and sport competition have been becoming characterized for tensions, resistance and conflicts dynamics, generators of scissions among teaching agents, practice spaces or clubs and federal structure, has affirmed by our third hypothesis, although the accomplished analysis allows us to conclude that the reading expressed from reality is reduced, and, this way, we can only partly affirm that the hypothesis is verified. This is affirmation of dynamics and interest and power within the karate field coexisting with various forms of cooperation, both contributing to the strengthening of the identity of the same.
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Orientação: Salomé Marivoet
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DOUTORAMENTO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, SOCIOLOGIA DO DESPORTO, ANÁLISE SOCIOLÓGICA, KARATÉ, GLOBALIZAÇÃO, ARTES MARCIAIS, CULTURA, DESPORTO, PRÁTICAS DESPORTIVAS, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT, SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS, KARATE, GLOBALISATION, MARTIAL ARTS, CULTURE, SPORT, SPORTING ACTIVITIES, PORTUGAL, PORTUGAL