Funções executivas, memória de trabalho e o bem- estar subjectivo um estudo comparativo entre fumadores e não-fumadores
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2013
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A presente investigação centrou-se num estudo comparativo entre fumadores e não fumadores.
Teve como objectivo geral: 1- Apurar se e de que forma os fumadores divergem dos não-fumadores a nível das funções executivas, memória de trabalho e do Bem-Estar Subjectivo.
A amostra de conveniência, é constituída por 370 indivíduos, 133 do sexo feminino e 237 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 19 e 34 anos. É composta por dois grupos: 1) 241 indivíduos fumadores e 2) 129 indivíduos não-fumadores.
As medidas de avaliação utilizadas para a realização deste estudo foram: o questionário de dados sociodemográficos; a Escala de Síndroma de Dependência de Nicotina (NDSS) da autoria de Shiffman, Waters & Hickox (2004), a fim de avaliar a severidade tabágica; a Escala da Auto-Avaliação das Funções Executivas (EXEC) de Buchanan, Heffernan, Parrott, Ling, Rodgers, Scholey (2009); a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida (SWLS) de Diener et al (1985) para avaliar a satisfação com a vida; a Escala de Avaliação de Afectos Positivos e Afectos Negativos (PANAS) de Baptista (1999) a fim de avaliar a afectividade positiva e negativa; o Teste Wisconsin card-sorting test (WCST) de Robison, Heaton & Stilson (1980) para avaliar as funções executivas e o Teste de Cópia e de Reprodução de memória de Figuras Geométricas Complexas de Rey (F.C.R.) autoria de Rey (1942) para avaliação da percepção e memória de trabalho. A aplicação teve duração aproximadamente de quarenta e cinco minutos, onde foi garantido a confidencialidade e o anonimato dos participantes.
Os dados recolhidos foram, numa 1º fase, inseridos no Excel, para posteriormente serem transferidos, analisados e tratados estatisticamente através do programa PASW -Predictiv Analytics Software – versão 18.0 para Windows.
Demonstrou-se após análise dos resultados que os fumadores apresentam médias superiores na execução da tarefa de cópia (F.C.R.), na categoria número total de categorias completas (WCST), na sub-escala afectividade positiva (PANAS) e médias inferiores nas categorias número total de ensaios completos, número ensaios necessários para completar a primeira categoria, aprendendo a aprender e no numero total de respostas correctas (WCST), na escala de auto-avaliação das funções executivas (EXEC) e na sub-escala afectividade negativa (PANAS) quando comparadas com os não-fumadores.
Os fumadores apresentam maior capacidade perceptiva e impera os afectos positivos, no entanto não existem diferenças significativas entre fumadores e não-fumadores a nível das funções executivas, da memória de trabalho e satisfação com a vida.
This study was based on a comparison between smokers and non-smokers. The main purpose was: 1 – Verify if and in what way the executive functions, working memory and subjective well being, vary from smokers to non-smokers. The convenience sample are based on 370 individuals, 133 females and 237 males, with ages between 19 and 34 years old. This sample has two different groups: 1) 241 smokers and 2) 129 non-smokers. The evaluation measures used for this study were: the socio-demographic data questionnaire; Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) from Shiffman, Waters & Hickox (2004), to evaluate the smoking severity; the self-report of executive functions assessment scale (EXEC) from Buchanan, Heffernan, Parrott, Ling, Rodgers, Scholey (2009); the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) from Diener et al (1985) to evaluate life satisfaction; the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from Baptista (1999) to evaluate the positive and negative affects; the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) from Robison, Heaton & Stilson (1980) to evaluate the executive functions and the Rey complex figure test (FCR) from Rey (1942) to evaluate the perception and work memory. Each questionnaire took forty five minutes, where the confidenciality and anonymity was guaranteed. All the data were collected and inserted on the Excel in order to be statistically analised through the PASW – Predictiv Analytics Software – 18.0 version for Windows. After the analysis, the results shown that the smokers presented high scores in the Rey complex figure test (FCR), all the categories completed in the Winsconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) and high scores in the positive affects subscale (PANAS) and low scores in the total number of categories completed trials, number tests needed to complete the first category, learning to learn and the total number of correct answers (WCST), in the self-report of the executive functions (EXEC) and in the negative affects subscale (PANAS), when compared with the non-smokers. Smokers have a higher perceptual capacity with a prevailing positive affect, however there are no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers executive function, working memory and life satisfaction.
This study was based on a comparison between smokers and non-smokers. The main purpose was: 1 – Verify if and in what way the executive functions, working memory and subjective well being, vary from smokers to non-smokers. The convenience sample are based on 370 individuals, 133 females and 237 males, with ages between 19 and 34 years old. This sample has two different groups: 1) 241 smokers and 2) 129 non-smokers. The evaluation measures used for this study were: the socio-demographic data questionnaire; Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) from Shiffman, Waters & Hickox (2004), to evaluate the smoking severity; the self-report of executive functions assessment scale (EXEC) from Buchanan, Heffernan, Parrott, Ling, Rodgers, Scholey (2009); the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) from Diener et al (1985) to evaluate life satisfaction; the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from Baptista (1999) to evaluate the positive and negative affects; the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) from Robison, Heaton & Stilson (1980) to evaluate the executive functions and the Rey complex figure test (FCR) from Rey (1942) to evaluate the perception and work memory. Each questionnaire took forty five minutes, where the confidenciality and anonymity was guaranteed. All the data were collected and inserted on the Excel in order to be statistically analised through the PASW – Predictiv Analytics Software – 18.0 version for Windows. After the analysis, the results shown that the smokers presented high scores in the Rey complex figure test (FCR), all the categories completed in the Winsconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) and high scores in the positive affects subscale (PANAS) and low scores in the total number of categories completed trials, number tests needed to complete the first category, learning to learn and the total number of correct answers (WCST), in the self-report of the executive functions (EXEC) and in the negative affects subscale (PANAS), when compared with the non-smokers. Smokers have a higher perceptual capacity with a prevailing positive affect, however there are no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers executive function, working memory and life satisfaction.
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Orientação: Américo Baptista
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MESTRADO EM PSICOLOGIA, ACONSELHAMENTO E PSICOTERAPIAS, PSICOLOGIA, FUNÇÕES EXECUTIVAS, MEMÓRIA, NICOTINA, BEM-ESTAR SUBJETIVO, PSYCHOLOGY, EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS, MEMORY, NICOTINE, SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING