Prescrição e controlo do regime de treino aeróbio em nadadores
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2017
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A Natação Pura Desportiva (NPD), em função da natureza do esforço em situação competitiva, pode ser designada como uma modalidade de resistência, onde a participação do metabolismo aeróbio, apesar de variável, é determinante para o provimento energético da quase totalidade das provas (Gomes-Pereira, 1992; Rodriguez & Mader, 2011)
A presente dissertação tem como alvo a avaliação e prescrição do treino aeróbio em nadadores de nível nacional e internacional, sendo composta por três estudos sequenciais.
1º Estudo - Desenvolvimento da capacidade aeróbia em nadadores – critérios para prescrição e controlo de tarefas de treino em zonas aeróbias
Utilizando um questionário on-line, uma amostra de 51 treinadores portugueses (de reconhecido mérito nacional e internacional a nível dos escalões juniores e seniores) responderam a 4 grupos de questões fechadas relacionadas com os métodos de controlo da carga e as tarefas preferenciais para o desenvolvimento de três zonas distintas de treino aeróbio.
Em todas as variáveis verificou-se uma considerável dispersão nos resultados obtidos, com a excepção da frequência cardíaca, como método privilegiado de controlo da carga (90,2%). De salientar a massiva utilização do treino intervalado, em todas as zonas de intensidade, secundarizando completamente os métodos contínuos.
2º Estudo - Prescrição e controlo das velocidades de treino aeróbio em nadadores, associadas a parâmetros fisiológicos, cinemáticos e psicológicos
São objetivos específicos deste estudo comparar as velocidades (Vs) calculadas através de protocolo incremental adaptado – 7x200m, de Pyne, Maw, & Goldsmith (2000) – para as intensidades de A1 (limiar láctico) e A2 (limiar anaeróbio), com as Vs prescritas pelos treinadores, e as Vs cumpridas pelos nadadores, através do controlo das seguintes variáveis associadas: a) fisiológicas: lactatemia (La) e frequência cardíaca (FC); b) a perceção do esforço (PE); c) as variáveis cinemáticas: frequência gestual (FG) e índice de nado (IN).A amostra: 16 nadadores masculinos absolutos de nível nacional e internacional, com idade de 20.0±3.7 anos. Foram avaliadas as seguintes tarefas: A1 – 8x400m L 70% p=30” (T1) e 32x100m L 65% p=10” (T2); A2 – 2x(7x200m L 80% p=30”) P=3’ (T3) e 3x(10x100m L 75% p=15”)P=3’ (T4).
Principais conclusões: Os treinadores tendem a prescrever Vs inferiores ao estimado protocolarmente, sobretudo em A1. Maioritariamente, os nadadores cumprem com as prescrições dos treinadores. Em A1 as diferenças de V são acompanhadas por diferenças de La e PE, mas não da FC. Em A2 as diferenças de V nem sempre tiveram uma correspondência direta com as restantes variáveis do estudo, particularmente em PE. Os valores de FG e IN não sofrem alterações importantes, mesmo quando se verificam diferenças nas Vs.
3º Estudo - Determinar o efeito de 4 microciclos preparatórios diferenciados pelo desenho das tarefas de treino nas zonas de intensidade A1, A2 e potência aeróbia – séries exatas versus séries progressivas
Foi objetivo deste estudo: determinar e comparar o efeito de dois tipos de treino intervalado diferenciados – Séries Progressivas versus Séries Exatas – aplicadas em quatro microciclos do período preparatório do 1º macrociclo da época, nas zonas de intensidade predominantemente aeróbias: A1, A2 e PA. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: cronométricos (velocidade), bioenergéticos (lactatemia e frequência cardíaca), biomecânicos (frequência gestual, índice de nado e eficiência propulsiva) e psicológicos (perceção do esforço), encontrados em situação protocolar, igual ao 2º estudo.
A amostra foi composta por 20 nadadores absolutos de nível nacional e internacional com idades de 18.0±6,5anos, divididos em 2 grupos de 10, onde o regime de treino, nas zonas referidas, foi diferenciado conforme o objetivo.Principais conclusões: Ambas as séries possibilitaram evoluções significativas da V no regime A1; contudo, as séries exatas revelaram-se mais vantajosas pela manutenção dos níveis de execução técnica. As séries exatas permitiram um melhor desenvolvimento da V na zona A2, sem prejuízo para as restantes variáveis. As séries progressivas permitiram uma maior evolução da V, na PA, sem prejuízo para as restantes variáveis.
Competitive Swimming, as per the nature of the effort in a competitive situation, can be designated as a resistance sport, where the participation of aerobic metabolism, although variable, is essential for the energy supply in almost all events. (Gomes-Pereira, 1992; Rodriguez & Mader, 2011). The aim of this investigation, composed of three sequential studies, is to evaluate and prescribe aerobic training for nationally and internationally ranked swimmers. 1st study - Development of aerobic capacity in swimmers – criteria for the prescription and control of sets oriented towards basic aerobic intensity The sample was composed of 51 top level Portuguese coaches who answered an online questionnaire. In the questionnaire, there were four groups of closed questions related to methods of load control and preferred tasks for the development of three distinct aerobic training zones. The results for preferred methods of monitoring the training load displayed a considerable variety of results, except for heart rate control, which was mentioned by 90.2% of coaches. The results obtained pointed towards a massive use of interval training, with the continuous methods coming as a distant second. 2nd study - Prescription and control of aerobic training velocities in swimmers, associated with physiological, kinematic and psychological parameters. The aim of this study was to compare the velocities (Vs) calculated through an adapted incremental protocol - 7x200m, by Pyne et al. (2000) - for the intensities of A1 (lactic threshold) and A2 (anaerobic threshold), with the Vs prescribed by the coaches, the Vs fulfilled by swimmers, and: a) physiological variables: lactatemia (La) and heart rate (HR); b) rate of perceived exertion (RPE); c) kinematic variables: stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI). The sample: 16 nationally and internationally ranked male swimmers, aged 20.0 ± 3.7 years. The following tasks were evaluated: A1 – 8 x 400m free 70% rest = 30" (T1) and 32 x 100m free 65% rest = 10" (T2); 2 x (7 x 200m free 80% rest = 30 ") R = 3 '(T3) and 3 x (10 x 100m free 75% rest = 15") R = 3' (T4). Main conclusions: Coaches tend to prescribe Vs slower than those defined by the protocol, especially in A1. Mostly, swimmers comply with the coaches' prescriptions. In A1 differences of V are accompanied by differences of La and RPE, but not of HR. In A2 the differences of V did not always correspond directly with the other study variables, particularly in RPE. The values of SR and SI do not undergo important changes, even when there are differences in Vs. 3rd Study - To determine the effect of four preparatory microcycles differentiated by the design of the training tasks in the zones of intensity A1, A2 and aerobic power (AP) - Progressive Sets versus Repeated Sets. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of two distinct interval training types - Progressive Sets versus Repeated Sets - applied in four microcycles of the preparatory period of the 1st macrocycle of the season, in the aerobic intensity zones: A1, A2 and AP. The following parameters were evaluated: Chronometric (velocity), Bioenergetic (La and HR), Biomechanic (SR, SI and propulsive efficiency) and Psychological (RPE), found in the same protocol situation as the 2nd study. The sample consisted of 20 nationally and internationally ranked male swimmers aged 18.0 ± 6.5 years, divided into 2 groups of 10, where the training regime in the referred zones was differentiated according to the goal. Main conclusions: Both sets allowed significant increases of V in the A1 regime. However, the repeat sets proved to be more advantageous in maintaining levels of technical execution. The Repeat Sets allowed for a better development of the V in A2, without prejudice to the remaining variables. The Progressive Sets allowed for a greater evolution of the V, in AP, regardless of the remaining variables.
Competitive Swimming, as per the nature of the effort in a competitive situation, can be designated as a resistance sport, where the participation of aerobic metabolism, although variable, is essential for the energy supply in almost all events. (Gomes-Pereira, 1992; Rodriguez & Mader, 2011). The aim of this investigation, composed of three sequential studies, is to evaluate and prescribe aerobic training for nationally and internationally ranked swimmers. 1st study - Development of aerobic capacity in swimmers – criteria for the prescription and control of sets oriented towards basic aerobic intensity The sample was composed of 51 top level Portuguese coaches who answered an online questionnaire. In the questionnaire, there were four groups of closed questions related to methods of load control and preferred tasks for the development of three distinct aerobic training zones. The results for preferred methods of monitoring the training load displayed a considerable variety of results, except for heart rate control, which was mentioned by 90.2% of coaches. The results obtained pointed towards a massive use of interval training, with the continuous methods coming as a distant second. 2nd study - Prescription and control of aerobic training velocities in swimmers, associated with physiological, kinematic and psychological parameters. The aim of this study was to compare the velocities (Vs) calculated through an adapted incremental protocol - 7x200m, by Pyne et al. (2000) - for the intensities of A1 (lactic threshold) and A2 (anaerobic threshold), with the Vs prescribed by the coaches, the Vs fulfilled by swimmers, and: a) physiological variables: lactatemia (La) and heart rate (HR); b) rate of perceived exertion (RPE); c) kinematic variables: stroke rate (SR) and stroke index (SI). The sample: 16 nationally and internationally ranked male swimmers, aged 20.0 ± 3.7 years. The following tasks were evaluated: A1 – 8 x 400m free 70% rest = 30" (T1) and 32 x 100m free 65% rest = 10" (T2); 2 x (7 x 200m free 80% rest = 30 ") R = 3 '(T3) and 3 x (10 x 100m free 75% rest = 15") R = 3' (T4). Main conclusions: Coaches tend to prescribe Vs slower than those defined by the protocol, especially in A1. Mostly, swimmers comply with the coaches' prescriptions. In A1 differences of V are accompanied by differences of La and RPE, but not of HR. In A2 the differences of V did not always correspond directly with the other study variables, particularly in RPE. The values of SR and SI do not undergo important changes, even when there are differences in Vs. 3rd Study - To determine the effect of four preparatory microcycles differentiated by the design of the training tasks in the zones of intensity A1, A2 and aerobic power (AP) - Progressive Sets versus Repeated Sets. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of two distinct interval training types - Progressive Sets versus Repeated Sets - applied in four microcycles of the preparatory period of the 1st macrocycle of the season, in the aerobic intensity zones: A1, A2 and AP. The following parameters were evaluated: Chronometric (velocity), Bioenergetic (La and HR), Biomechanic (SR, SI and propulsive efficiency) and Psychological (RPE), found in the same protocol situation as the 2nd study. The sample consisted of 20 nationally and internationally ranked male swimmers aged 18.0 ± 6.5 years, divided into 2 groups of 10, where the training regime in the referred zones was differentiated according to the goal. Main conclusions: Both sets allowed significant increases of V in the A1 regime. However, the repeat sets proved to be more advantageous in maintaining levels of technical execution. The Repeat Sets allowed for a better development of the V in A2, without prejudice to the remaining variables. The Progressive Sets allowed for a greater evolution of the V, in AP, regardless of the remaining variables.
Descrição
Orientação: Jorge
dos Santos Proença Martins ; co-orientação: Professor Doutor Luís Manuel Pinto Lopes Rama
Palavras-chave
DOUTORAMENTO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, NATAÇÃO, TREINO DESPORTIVO, RESISTÊNCIA AERÓBIA, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SWIMMING, SPORTS COACHING, AEROBIC RESISTANCE