Pressões laborais, motivação, engagement e burnout nos profissionais de exercício : estudos antes e durante a pandemia covid-19
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2023
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Os baixos níveis de atividade física têm efeitos adversos para a saúde. Esses efeitos são
mitigados naqueles indivíduos que cumprem as recomendações internacionais para a atividade
física (AF). No entanto, a população apresenta uma elevada prevalência de estilos de vida
sedentário põe em causa a eficácia da adoção de comportamentos fisicamente ativos, com uma
prática regular de exercício e de hábitos de vida saudáveis. Sendo assim, existe uma
necessidade urgente em proporcionar as oportunidades adequadas para a promoção do
exercício, sustentada por profissionais qualificados e competentes, responsáveis pelas
dinâmicas da prescrição e da motivação para a prática regular de exercício. O futuro do setor
de fitness depende fortemente de profissionais motivados e da gestão organizacional do
trabalho que vão influenciar a longevidade profissional. A literatura tem focado a perspetiva do
cliente/praticante e na sustentabilidade do negócio em detrimento dos profissionais de exercício
(PE) e do seu bem-estar. A motivação no trabalho tem influência nas competências que os
indivíduos desenvolvem, na forma como interagem com os clientes, nos empregos e carreiras
profissionais que procuram e como gerem os seus recursos. Climas controladores e geradores
de excessivas pressões laborais poderão ter efeitos adversos no dia a dia dos PE e no abandono
precoce da função ou mesmo da profissão. Existe, assim, uma necessidade de investigação,
apoiada em racionais teóricos, que sustente as boas práticas da gestão dos recursos humanos,
credíveis e impactantes no dia a dia dos PE, e consequentemente do praticante.
Esta tese, baseada no racional da Teoria da Autodeterminação (TAD), teve como
objetivo geral analisar as pressões laborais, as variáveis ligadas à motivação no trabalho e
efeitos de engagement e burnout nos PE, em contexto livre de COVID-19 e durante a pandemia
COVID-19. Neste propósito, realizaram-se 3 estudos: a) um estudo observacional transversal
(estudo I – antes da pandemia), com análise exploratória de dados e inferência estatística, tendo
como objetivo analisar os antecedentes motivacionais dos PE e as formas de pressão no
trabalho, assim como a sua relação com as necessidades psicológicas básicas (NPB); e b) dois
estudos qualitativos retrospetivos (estudo II e III), que pretenderam aprofundar o estudo
das pressões no trabalho durante a pandemia, as diferentes variáveis ligadas à motivação e os
efeitos no bem-estar laboral (i.e., engagement e burnout). Os principais resultados indicam que
as pressões organizacionais apresentam associações negativas com a satisfação das NPB nos
profissionais, sendo este resultado mais evidente durante a pandemia.
Outros resultados sugerem que fatores como o confinamento e distanciamento social
aumentaram a falta de confiança, a insegurança, a instabilidade e instigaram os profissionais a
questionar as suas metas de vida, e continuidade no setor fitness. Tal sofrimento psicológico foi
associado a baixos níveis de engagement que afetam a redução da satisfação no trabalho.
Assumindo que o abandono dos profissionais é uma realidade, é crucial alertar para possíveis
intervenções promotoras da satisfação das NPB dos PE, reduzindo os riscos de burnout e
induzindo ao bem-estar profissional. Os líderes devem procurar recrutar e manter os PE
altamente motivados por meio de um ambiente de trabalho que permita uma gestão positiva das
pressões laborais, reduzindo o abandono da função ou profissão.
Palavras-Chave: Teoria da Autodeterminação, pressão no trabalho, motivação,
profissionais de exercício, burnout, engagement
Low levels of physical activity have adverse health effects, which can be mitigated by adhering to international recommendations for physical activity (PA). Notwithstanding, the epidemiology of sedentary lifestyles calls into question the effectiveness of adopting physically active behaviors, sustained practice of exercise, and healthy lifestyle habits. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide adequate exercise opportunities supported by qualified and competent professionals responsible for exercise prescription and motivation. The future of the fitness industry depends heavily on motivated professionals and organizational work management that influence professional longevity. The literature focused on the client perspective and the sustainability of the business to the detriment of exercise professionals and their well-being. Work motivation influences professional skills´ development, jobs, careers, and how they manage their resources. Controlling climates and excessive job pressures may have adverse effects on the day-to-day life of exercise professionals and lead to early abandonment of function or even the profession. Therefore, there is a need for research based on theoretical rationales that supports excellent human resources management practices with a significant impact on professional and on the client/practitioner. Based on the Self-Determination Theory, this thesis aimed to analyze job pressures, variables related to work motivation, and the effects of engagement and burnout in exercise professionals in a context free of COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, three studies were carried out: a) a cross-sectional observational study (study I, before COVID-19), with exploratory data analysis and statistical inference, aiming to analyze the motivational background of exercise professionals and different forms of job pressure, as well as its relationship with the basic psychological needs; and b) two retrospective qualitative studies (study II and III), intended to deepen the study of job pressure during the pandemic, the different variables linked to motivation and effects on work well-being (i.e., engagement and burnout). The main results indicate that organizational pressures have negative associations with the satisfaction of basic phycological needs in professionals. As a result, their everyday life suffered a worsening during the pandemic. Furthermore, the results indicate that factors such as confinement and social distancing increased lack of confidence, insecurity, and instability and instigated professionals to question life goals and their continuity in the fitness sector. Such psychological distress was associated with low levels of engagement and can be seen as negative stimuli that affect job satisfaction. Assuming that professionals’ dropout is a reality, it is crucial to alert to possible interventions to prevent, or remedy, the lack of adequacy of exercise professionals’ basic psychological satisfaction needs, reducing the risks of burnout and inducing professional well-being. Therefore, leaders should seek to recruit and maintain highly motivated professionals through a work environment that allows positive management of job pressure leading to less dropout of the function or profession. Keywords: Self-Determination Theory, work pressure, motivation, exercise professionals, burnout, engagement
Low levels of physical activity have adverse health effects, which can be mitigated by adhering to international recommendations for physical activity (PA). Notwithstanding, the epidemiology of sedentary lifestyles calls into question the effectiveness of adopting physically active behaviors, sustained practice of exercise, and healthy lifestyle habits. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide adequate exercise opportunities supported by qualified and competent professionals responsible for exercise prescription and motivation. The future of the fitness industry depends heavily on motivated professionals and organizational work management that influence professional longevity. The literature focused on the client perspective and the sustainability of the business to the detriment of exercise professionals and their well-being. Work motivation influences professional skills´ development, jobs, careers, and how they manage their resources. Controlling climates and excessive job pressures may have adverse effects on the day-to-day life of exercise professionals and lead to early abandonment of function or even the profession. Therefore, there is a need for research based on theoretical rationales that supports excellent human resources management practices with a significant impact on professional and on the client/practitioner. Based on the Self-Determination Theory, this thesis aimed to analyze job pressures, variables related to work motivation, and the effects of engagement and burnout in exercise professionals in a context free of COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, three studies were carried out: a) a cross-sectional observational study (study I, before COVID-19), with exploratory data analysis and statistical inference, aiming to analyze the motivational background of exercise professionals and different forms of job pressure, as well as its relationship with the basic psychological needs; and b) two retrospective qualitative studies (study II and III), intended to deepen the study of job pressure during the pandemic, the different variables linked to motivation and effects on work well-being (i.e., engagement and burnout). The main results indicate that organizational pressures have negative associations with the satisfaction of basic phycological needs in professionals. As a result, their everyday life suffered a worsening during the pandemic. Furthermore, the results indicate that factors such as confinement and social distancing increased lack of confidence, insecurity, and instability and instigated professionals to question life goals and their continuity in the fitness sector. Such psychological distress was associated with low levels of engagement and can be seen as negative stimuli that affect job satisfaction. Assuming that professionals’ dropout is a reality, it is crucial to alert to possible interventions to prevent, or remedy, the lack of adequacy of exercise professionals’ basic psychological satisfaction needs, reducing the risks of burnout and inducing professional well-being. Therefore, leaders should seek to recruit and maintain highly motivated professionals through a work environment that allows positive management of job pressure leading to less dropout of the function or profession. Keywords: Self-Determination Theory, work pressure, motivation, exercise professionals, burnout, engagement
Descrição
Orientação: António João Labisa da Silva Palmeira
Palavras-chave
DOUTORAMENTO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E DESPORTO, DESPORTO, SPORT, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, TEORIA DA AUTODETERMINAÇÃO, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY, MOTIVAÇÃO, MOTIVATION, BURNOUT, EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO, PHYSICAL EXERCISE