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Item Milk’s Bioactive Peptides: Are We Disregarding Nature’s Miracle?(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2023-02-21) Santos, Maria Isabel Silva; Grácio, Madalena; Pedroso, Laurentina; Lima, Ana Isabel Gusmão; Faculdade de Medicina VeterináriaMilk has a great nutritional value duo to its amino acid composition and its fat content. However, what makes milk an excellent product for human consumption it’s the presence of bioactive sequences among their aminoacidic profile. Bioactive peptides derived from milk proteins are well known to retain many biological properties and have therapeutic effects in several health disorders. The main source of these compounds are the peptides formed after protein degradation which can occur during gastrointestinal digestion, food processing or fermentation via enzyme or bacterial activity. In a post-pandemic context, where environmentally and health-safe medications and antimicrobials are constantly pursued, milk-derived peptides could be of significant importance for health, as well as for the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and dairy industry.Item The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2022) Delgado, Inês; Zúquete, Sara; Santos, Dulce; Basto, Afonso Silva Pinto; Leitão, José Alexandre da Costa Perdigão e Cameira; Nolasco, Sofia; Faculdade de Medicina VeterináriaToxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous zoonotic parasite with an obligatory intracellular lifestyle. It relies on a specialized set of cytoskeletal and secretory organelles for host cell invasion. When infecting its felid definitive host, T. gondii undergoes sexual reproduction in the intestinal epithelium, producing oocysts that are excreted with the feces and sporulate in the environment. In other hosts and/or tissues, T. gondii multiplies by asexual reproduction. Rapidly dividing tachyzoites expand through multiple tissues, particularly nervous and muscular tissues, and eventually convert to slowly dividing bradyzoites which produce tissue cysts, structures that evade the immune system and remain infective within the host. Infection normally occurs through ingestion of sporulated oocysts or tissue cysts. While T. gondii is able to infect virtually all warm-blooded animals, most infections in humans are asymptomatic, with clinical disease occurring most often in immunocompromised hosts or fetuses carried by seronegative mothers that are infected during pregnancy.