Pesca ilegal, não regulada e não regulamentada da amêijoa-japonesa no estuário do tejo e os fatores que afetam o compliance com os regulamentos de pesca
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2021
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O estuário do Tejo tem sido alvo de atividades de pesca Ilegal, Não Regulada e Não
Regulamentada (INN) devido à captura de amêijoa-japonesa, o que em última instância
despromove a gestão sustentável deste recurso. É consensual a importância de perceber os
motivos e fatores comportamentais que levam os pescadores a adotar atividades de pesca INN
com a finalidade de fornecer informação que estimule o compliance e permita combater a
violação.
O presente estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar e quantificar as atividades de pesca
INN no estuário do Tejo, analisar os fatores que influenciam o Compliance com as quotas
diárias de kg para a captura de amêijoa-japonesa e analisar os fatores que influenciam o
Compliance com as artes de pesca permitidas para a captura de amêijoa-japonesa. Com base na
revisão de literatura, recorreu-se ao modelo ordered probit (OP) estático para compreender os
fatores que influenciam a probabilidade violar a quota diária de kg. Adicionalmente calcularam se os efeitos marginais para perceber a flexibilidade da escolha de cada individuo. Recorreu-se
ao modelo probit (binário) para compreender os fatores que influenciam a probabilidade de
violar as artes de pesca permitidas para a captura de amêijoa-japonesa. O objetivo de
caracterizar a pesca INN foi prosseguido com a revisão de literatura, análise do questionário
realizado in situ aos mariscadores que pescam no estuário do Tejo e análise das descargas em
lota de bivalves na jurisdição das capitanias de Setúbal e Lisboa, relativas aos estuários do Sado
e do Tejo.
Este estudo foi aplicado no estuário do Tejo em 2015 e os resultados sugerem que as
atividades INN com maior expressão são a pesca sem licença e não declarar as capturas. Aferiu se que 91,5% dos apanhadores não possui licença e que em 2015 apenas foram registados em
lota 40 toneladas de amêijoa-japonesa embora as estimativas anuais apontem para 6000-17000
toneladas de captura.
Relativo aos determinantes que influenciam a probabilidade de violar as quotas diárias
de kg os resultados sugerem que ter menos anos de experiência, praticar a atividade
acompanhado e considerar os regulamentos respeitados são incentivos para cooperar com os
regulamentos. Os fatores de legitimidade e ética também se mostraram importantes revelando
coeficientes estimados significativos, recomendando que são igualmente consideráveis como os fatores socioeconómicos e de dissuasão a explicar o compliance com os regulamentos.
Referente aos determinantes que influenciam a probabilidade de escolher uma arte de pesca
legal ou ilegal aferiu-se que os indivíduos que têm como principal atividade a pesca no estuário
do Tejo têm uma maior probabilidade de escolher uma arte de pesca ilegal. A oferta de
rendimentos alternativos ou oportunidades de emprego fora da pesca seria importante para
incentivar o uso de artes de pesca legais.
À vista destes resultados, identifica-se a utilidade de adequar a informação superior,
com vista a alcançar a exploração sustentável da amêijoa-japonesa no estuário do Tejo.
The Tagus estuary has been facing Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities due to the illegal catching of Manila clam, which ultimately undermines the sustainable management of this resource. There is consensus on the importance of understanding the motives and behavioral factors that lead fishermen to adopt IUU fishing activities, in order to provide policy information on what measures should be applied to encourage compliance and combat violations. The objectives of this study were to characterise and quantify IUU fishing activities in the Tagus estuary, to analyse the factors influencing compliance with the daily kg quotas for catching Manila clams and to analyse the factors influencing compliance with the fishing equipment gears allowed for catching clams. Based on the literature review, the static ordered probit (OP) model was used to understand the factors influencing the daily kg quota. Additionally, marginal effects were calculated to understand the flexibility of choice of each individual fisherman. The binary probit model was used to understand the factors influencing the probability of violating the fishing equipment/crew gear allowed for the catching of Manila clams. The aim of characterising IUU fishing was pursued with a literature review, the analysis of the questionnaire carried out in situ on shellfish harvesters fishing in the Tagus estuary, and the analysis of shellfish landings in the jurisdiction of Capitania of Setúbal and Lisboa relative to the Sado and Tagus estuaries. This study was applied in the Tagus estuary in 2015 and the results suggest that the most significant IUU activities are fishing without a license and not declaring catches. It was found that 91.5% of the catchers do not have a license and that in 2015 only 40 tons of clams were registered in shellfish landings although the annual catch estimates are 6000-17000 tons. Relative to the determinants influencing the probability of violating daily kg quotas, the results suggest that having fewer years of experience, practicing the activity accompanied and considering the regulations respected are incentives to cooperate with the regulations. Social and Legitimacy factors were also shown to be important revealing significant coefficients, recommending that they are equally considerable as socioeconomic and deterrence factors in explaining compliance with regulations. Regarding the determinants influencing the probability of choosing a legal or illegal fishing gear it was found that individuals whose main activity is fishing in the Tagus estuary are more likely to choose an illegal fishing gear. The provision of alternative income or employment opportunities outside fishing would be important to encourage the use of legal fishing gears. In view of these results, the usefulness of adapting the superior information is identified, with a view to achieving the sustainable exploitation of the Manila clam in the Tagus estuary.
The Tagus estuary has been facing Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing activities due to the illegal catching of Manila clam, which ultimately undermines the sustainable management of this resource. There is consensus on the importance of understanding the motives and behavioral factors that lead fishermen to adopt IUU fishing activities, in order to provide policy information on what measures should be applied to encourage compliance and combat violations. The objectives of this study were to characterise and quantify IUU fishing activities in the Tagus estuary, to analyse the factors influencing compliance with the daily kg quotas for catching Manila clams and to analyse the factors influencing compliance with the fishing equipment gears allowed for catching clams. Based on the literature review, the static ordered probit (OP) model was used to understand the factors influencing the daily kg quota. Additionally, marginal effects were calculated to understand the flexibility of choice of each individual fisherman. The binary probit model was used to understand the factors influencing the probability of violating the fishing equipment/crew gear allowed for the catching of Manila clams. The aim of characterising IUU fishing was pursued with a literature review, the analysis of the questionnaire carried out in situ on shellfish harvesters fishing in the Tagus estuary, and the analysis of shellfish landings in the jurisdiction of Capitania of Setúbal and Lisboa relative to the Sado and Tagus estuaries. This study was applied in the Tagus estuary in 2015 and the results suggest that the most significant IUU activities are fishing without a license and not declaring catches. It was found that 91.5% of the catchers do not have a license and that in 2015 only 40 tons of clams were registered in shellfish landings although the annual catch estimates are 6000-17000 tons. Relative to the determinants influencing the probability of violating daily kg quotas, the results suggest that having fewer years of experience, practicing the activity accompanied and considering the regulations respected are incentives to cooperate with the regulations. Social and Legitimacy factors were also shown to be important revealing significant coefficients, recommending that they are equally considerable as socioeconomic and deterrence factors in explaining compliance with regulations. Regarding the determinants influencing the probability of choosing a legal or illegal fishing gear it was found that individuals whose main activity is fishing in the Tagus estuary are more likely to choose an illegal fishing gear. The provision of alternative income or employment opportunities outside fishing would be important to encourage the use of legal fishing gears. In view of these results, the usefulness of adapting the superior information is identified, with a view to achieving the sustainable exploitation of the Manila clam in the Tagus estuary.
Descrição
Orientação: Ana Isabel Gonçalves da Costa Lorga da Silva ; co-orientação: Paula Maria Chainho de Oliveira
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM ECONOMIA, ECONOMIA, PESCA, PESCA ILEGAL, ESTU]ARIO DO TEJO, ECONOMY, FISHING, ILLEGAL FISHING, TAGUS ESTUARY