Prevalência molecular de piroplasmas em equídeos de Portugal Continental
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A piroplasmose equina é uma doença parasitária de grande importância sanitária e económica, causada pelos protozoários intraeritrocitários Babesia caballi e Theileria equi, transmitidos principalmente por carraças dos géneros Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma e Dermacentor. Em Portugal, a doença é considerada endémica; contudo, a informação atualizada sobre a sua prevalência molecular é ainda limitada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência molecular de piroplasmas em equídeos de Portugal Continental e identificar eventuais fatores de risco associados. Foram analisadas 339 amostras de sangue de equinos provenientes de diferentes regiões NUTS II, num intervalo de tempo entre dezembro de 2023 e maio de 2025. O DNA foi extraído a partir de sangue total e submetido a uma reação de PCR dirigida ao gene 18S rRNA, utilizando primers universais para Babesia caballi e Theileria equi. Os produtos amplificados foram visualizados por eletroforese em gel de agarose, purificados e posteriormente sequenciados para confirmação molecular. A prevalência global obtida foi de 34,8%, com um intervalo de confiança de 95%, evidenciando a importância da doença em território nacional. A análise estatística revelou variações regionais e associações entre a positividade e variáveis como a região NUTS II a que pertencem, faixa etária, utilização/modalidade desportiva, tipo de pelagem, raça, estilo de vida e utilização de antiparasitários e respetivo princípio ativo. Theileria equi foi o único agente detetado, dentro de uma subpopulação de 20% das amostras positivas no teste de PCR, em concordância com estudos prévios realizados noutras regiões endémicas. Estes resultados confirmam a endemicidade da piroplasmose equina em Portugal e reforçam a necessidade de vigilância epidemiológica contínua e controlo eficaz de vetores, de forma a mitigar o impacto clínico e económico da doença, especialmente no contexto da movimentação internacional de equinos.
Equine piroplasmosis is a parasitic disease of major sanitary and economic importance, caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoa Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, which are mainly transmitted by ticks of the Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Dermacentor genera. In Portugal, the disease is considered endemic; however, updated information on its molecular prevalence remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular prevalence of piroplasms in equids from mainland Portugal and to identify possible associated risk factors. A total of 339 blood samples from horses originating from different NUTS II regions were analyzed over a period between December 2023 and May 2025. DNA was extracted from whole blood and amplified by PCR, targeting the 18S rRNA gene and using universal primers for Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Amplified products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, purified, and subsequently sequenced for molecular confirmation. The overall prevalence obtained was 34.8%, with a 95% confidence interval, highlighting the importance of the disease at the national level. Statistical analysis revealed regional variations and associations between PCR positivity and variables such as NUTS II region, age group, use/sporting modality, coat type, breed, lifestyle, and the use of antiparasitic treatments and their respective active ingredients. Theileria equi was the only agent detected, within a subpopulation corresponding to 20% of the PCR-positive samples, in agreement with previous studies conducted in other endemic regions. These results confirm the endemic status of equine piroplasmosis in Portugal and reinforce the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance and effective vector control in order to mitigate the clinical and economic impact of the disease, particularly in the context of international movement of equids.
Equine piroplasmosis is a parasitic disease of major sanitary and economic importance, caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoa Babesia caballi and Theileria equi, which are mainly transmitted by ticks of the Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma and Dermacentor genera. In Portugal, the disease is considered endemic; however, updated information on its molecular prevalence remains limited. The aim of this study was to determine the molecular prevalence of piroplasms in equids from mainland Portugal and to identify possible associated risk factors. A total of 339 blood samples from horses originating from different NUTS II regions were analyzed over a period between December 2023 and May 2025. DNA was extracted from whole blood and amplified by PCR, targeting the 18S rRNA gene and using universal primers for Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Amplified products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, purified, and subsequently sequenced for molecular confirmation. The overall prevalence obtained was 34.8%, with a 95% confidence interval, highlighting the importance of the disease at the national level. Statistical analysis revealed regional variations and associations between PCR positivity and variables such as NUTS II region, age group, use/sporting modality, coat type, breed, lifestyle, and the use of antiparasitic treatments and their respective active ingredients. Theileria equi was the only agent detected, within a subpopulation corresponding to 20% of the PCR-positive samples, in agreement with previous studies conducted in other endemic regions. These results confirm the endemic status of equine piroplasmosis in Portugal and reinforce the need for continuous epidemiological surveillance and effective vector control in order to mitigate the clinical and economic impact of the disease, particularly in the context of international movement of equids.
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VETERINARY MEDICINE, EQUIDS, BABESIOSIS, INFECTIOUS DISEASES, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, PORTUGAL, RISK FACTORS, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, PCR, MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA, VETERINÁRIA, MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA, EQUÍDEOS, BABEBIOSE, DOENÇAS INFECCIOSAS, BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR, PORTUGAL, FATORES DE RISCO, VIGILÂNCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA, PCR