Avaliação de variáveis individuais e de aprendizagem no esforço cognitivo em adolescentes
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Introdução: A adolescência é uma fase marcada por intensas mudanças neurobiológicas, especialmente na maturação do córtex pré-frontal, que afeta funções executivas como o controlo inibitório, a memória de trabalho e a regulação emocional. Estas transformações podem tornar os adolescentes particularmente sensíveis à sobrecarga cognitiva, sobretudo em contextos imersivos como a Realidade Virtual (RV). A Teoria da Carga Cognitiva (CLT) fornece um quadro teórico robusto para compreender como a complexidade das tarefas, o design instrucional e o estado emocional influenciam o esforço cognitivo e o desempenho em tarefas. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as diferenças no esforço cognitivo entre adolescentes e adultos em tarefas de RV, considerando três tipos de carga cognitiva: intrínseca, extrínseca e germane. Metodologia: Participaram 40 indivíduos (20 adolescentes e 20 adultos). A tarefa consistiu numa simulação de escalada em RV com três níveis de dificuldade. Após a tarefa, foram aplicadas três escalas subjetivas de avaliação da carga cognitiva: a Escala de Paas (1 item), a NASA-TLX (6 itens) e a Escala de Leppink (10 itens). A análise estatística foi realizada no software JASP (v.0.19.3), incluindo ANOVAs de medidas repetidas, testes t para amostras independentes e correlações de Pearson. Resultados: Os adolescentes apresentaram um desempenho inferior na condição mais difícil revelando maior sensibilidade à complexidade da tarefa. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas nas perceções subjetivas de carga cognitiva entre os grupos. No entanto, observaram-se correlações significativas entre as medidas subjetivas de esforço mental e a carga cognitiva percebida, especialmente no grupo adulto, sugerindo uma maior autorregulação e integração metacognitiva neste grupo. A variável escolaridade não teve impacto significativo nos resultados.Conclusões: Os resultados reforçam a importância de considerar o nível de maturação neurocognitiva na aplicação de tecnologias imersivas em contextos educativos. A sobrecarga cognitiva pode comprometer a aprendizagem, especialmente entre adolescentes. Assim, é essencial adaptar o design instrucional às capacidades cognitivas do público-alvo, utilizando ferramentas como a CLT e instrumentos de avaliação validados para promover um equilíbrio eficaz entre desafio e acessibilidade.
Introduction: Adolescence is marked by significant neurobiological changes, particularly in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, which influences executive functions such as inhibitory control, working memory, and emotional regulation. These transformations might make adolescents especially vulnerable to cognitive overload, particularly in immersive environments such as Virtual Reality (VR). Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) offers a solid framework to understand how task complexity, instructional design, and emotional state influence cognitive effort and task performance. This study aimed to examine differences in cognitive effort between adolescents and adults in VR tasks, focusing on intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Methodology: The study included 40 participants (20 adolescents and 20 adults). The experimental task consisted of a VR climbing simulation with three difficulty levels. After completing the task, participants answered three subjective cognitive load scales: the 1-item Paas Scale, the 6item NASA-TLX, and the 10-item Cognitive Load Scale by Leppink. Statistical analysis was conducted using JASP (v.0.19.3), applying repeated measures. ANOVAs, independent t-tests, and Pearson correlations. Results: Adolescents performed worse on the most difficult condition indicating greater sensitivity to task complexity. No significant differences were found between groups in perceived cognitive load. However, correlations between mental effort and cognitive load perception were more pronounced among adults, suggesting better metacognitive regulation in this group. Educational level showed no significant effects. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need to consider neurocognitive maturity when applying immersive technologies in educational contexts. Cognitive overload may hinder learning, particularly in adolescents. Instructional design should therefore be tailored to the cognitive abilities of the target population, using CLT principles and validated assessment tools to achieve an optimal balance between challenge and accessibility.
Introduction: Adolescence is marked by significant neurobiological changes, particularly in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, which influences executive functions such as inhibitory control, working memory, and emotional regulation. These transformations might make adolescents especially vulnerable to cognitive overload, particularly in immersive environments such as Virtual Reality (VR). Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) offers a solid framework to understand how task complexity, instructional design, and emotional state influence cognitive effort and task performance. This study aimed to examine differences in cognitive effort between adolescents and adults in VR tasks, focusing on intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Methodology: The study included 40 participants (20 adolescents and 20 adults). The experimental task consisted of a VR climbing simulation with three difficulty levels. After completing the task, participants answered three subjective cognitive load scales: the 1-item Paas Scale, the 6item NASA-TLX, and the 10-item Cognitive Load Scale by Leppink. Statistical analysis was conducted using JASP (v.0.19.3), applying repeated measures. ANOVAs, independent t-tests, and Pearson correlations. Results: Adolescents performed worse on the most difficult condition indicating greater sensitivity to task complexity. No significant differences were found between groups in perceived cognitive load. However, correlations between mental effort and cognitive load perception were more pronounced among adults, suggesting better metacognitive regulation in this group. Educational level showed no significant effects. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need to consider neurocognitive maturity when applying immersive technologies in educational contexts. Cognitive overload may hinder learning, particularly in adolescents. Instructional design should therefore be tailored to the cognitive abilities of the target population, using CLT principles and validated assessment tools to achieve an optimal balance between challenge and accessibility.
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PSYCHOLOGY, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, ADOLESCENCE, COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR, VIRTUAL REALITY, EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS, LEARNING, COGNITIVE LOAD, MESTRADO EM NEUROPSICOLOGIA APLICADA, PSICOLOGIA, NEUROPSICOLOGIA, ADOLESCÊNCIA, COMPORTAMENTO COGNITIVO, REALIDADE VIRTUAL, FUNÇÕES EXECUTIVAS, APRENDIZAGEM, CARGA COGNITIVA