Análise da velocidade na corrida de aproximacão na disciplina de salto com vara
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2024
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A disciplina de Salto com Vara (ScV) ´e, geralmente, considerada a disciplina mais complexa e espetacular do Atletismo, sendo fundamental para o seu sucesso a relação que se estabelece entre o atleta e a vara. Entre os fatores determinantes para uma elevada performance desportiva, a velocidade parece desempenhar um papel decisivo. Esta tese tem como objetivo central a compreensão do papel da velocidade no desempenho do ScV, sendo desenvolvido em três estudos complementares. Revisão Sistemática - The velocity in the Pole Vault event: a sistematic review O primeiro passo consistiu na realização de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, sobre o comportamento da velocidade do ScV na fase da corrida de aproximação (CA), com saltadores de elite masculina e feminina em ambiente de treino e competição. Através do protocolo PRISMA, foram utilizadas as bases de dados SPORTDiscus, PubMed e ISI Web of Science, realizando-se uma pesquisa de artigos publicados até janeiro de 2020. Selecionaram-se artigos, utilizando como critérios de inclusão, as palavras-chave: Pole Vault; Velocity; Speed. Dos 62 estudos encontrados, apenas 21 foram considerados para revisão, tendo sido subdivididos em dois grupos: 12 artigos científicos (realizados em ambiente de treino e competição, de atletas de elite) e 9 relatórios científicos (realizados em grandes competições internacionais). Independentemente das metodologias aplica das nos artigos selecionados, os valores de velocidade obtidos mostraram-se consistentes. Valores maiores de velocidade influenciaram outros parâmetros relacionados com o sucesso do salto, nomeadamente a escolha de varas maiores e mais rígidas, bem como a execução da chamada mais afastada do encaixe. Atletas medalhados obtiveram valores de velocidades médias superiores aos dos restantes atletas finalistas. Este estudo permitiu reforçar a ideia de que valores elevados de velocidade constituem um parâmetro fundamental para o sucesso do salto. 1º Estudo - The influence of the maximum velocity changes during a training season on full approach runs in the pole vault event Este estudo longitodinal teve como objetivos (1) interpretar a velocidade máxima lançada e a velocidade na corrida de aproximação do atleta ao longo de duas ´épocas desportivas; (2) identificar a associação que se estabelece entre ambas e (3) estabelecer a relação entre estas e o desempenho desportivo, na prova de ScV. Durante 25 sessões de treino (três macrociclos) foram recolhidos dados referentes a 150 corridas de cada um dos dois atletas de elite que participaram neste estudo. Avaliou-se a velocidade m´axima de uma CA sem o salto, denominada tarefa 1 (T1), e a velocidade máxima obtida num teste máximo de velocidade de 20m lançados sem vara - tarefa 2 (T2). Concluiu-se existir uma correlação entre T1 e T2, com significância estatística (Atleta 1 = R2 = 0.801, = < 0.001; Atleta 2 = R2 = 0.602; = 0.001). Foi identificado um comportamento semelhante entre as tarefas T1 e T2 (com 97.53% para o Atleta 1 e 97.88% para o Atleta 2 da variância total). Verificou-se a existência de concordância entre as oscilações na velocidade máxima e as oscilações nas velocidades obtidas na CA. Neste estudo longitudinal, existe relação entre T1 e T2 para estes dois atletas. Um aumento de velocidade máxima traduziu-se, sempre, numa maior velocidade na CA. 2º Estudo - Pole vault performance analysis using kinematic and technical parameters in training - a longitudinal study O desempenho desportivo no evento de ScV resulta da combinação dos diferentes parâmetros físicos, técnicos e psicológicos. Assim, procurou-se nestes estudo determinar quais os parâmetros cinemáticos e técnicos que mais afetam o desempenho do ScV. Através de um estudo longitudinal com dois atletas de elite, foram avaliados 464 saltos (155 da atleta feminina e 309 do atleta masculino) em treino. Utilizando-se um sistema de Lidar a “laser”, obtiveram-se os dados cinemáticos relativos a cada desempenho, aos quais se associaram os respetivos dados técnicos (altura da pega, flexibilidade da vara, número de passadas da CA). Na observação das diferentes categorias de sucesso, o atleta M teve uma maior percentagem de saltos ”Fail”nas corridas com 18 passos de CA (33.3%), tendo o atleta F realizado 55.5% de saltos ”Fail”com 14 passos de CA. Verificou-se uma maior percentagem de saltos ”Clear the bar”nas corridas de 8 passos de CA para o atleta M (38.9%) e nas corridas com 12 passos de CA para a atleta F (16.0%). O estudo permitiu verificar que o comprimento da CA tem influência no sucesso do salto, com diferente impacto entre os atletas. Verificou-se a existência de outros parâmetros que influenciam o sucesso do salto, como a altura da pega e o comprimento da vara utilizados. Na categoria de ”Clear the bar”verificou-se que, para saltos superiores a 90% do SB, os parâmetros com maior correlação com o sucesso foram: atleta M (Grip; size of the pole; v max; vmed16−11m; vmed11−6m) e para atleta F (Grip; flex of the pole; dis vmax). 3º Estudo - Non-linear and linear methods to analyze pole vault run-up in successful and unsuccessful jumps Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a corrida de aproximação do salto com vara utilizando métodos não-lineares e lineares, determinando a existência ou não de uma relação entre diferentes parâmetros identificados na corrida do salto com vara e o desempenho desportivo. Foram analisados 215 saltos de um único atleta de elite do sexo masculino, com 28 anos de idade, que teve representação internacional pelo seu país. A análise fractal usando CoDim, entropia de amostragem (SampEn) e CV foi utilizada para medir variações na velocidade da fase de aproximação e relacioná-la com o desempenho desportivo do atleta durante o salto. A análise linear incluiu o parâmetro ∆vmale, que mede a variação de velocidade nos últimos 10 metros da aproximação. Nenhuma evidência significativa foi encontrada para SampEn, mas CoDim mostrou um efeito significativo em 8nStp e 18nStp para saltos bem-sucedidos, e CV mostrou evidência significativa em 12, 14, 16 e 18 passos. Embora os métodos usados neste estudo forneçam informações relevantes para treinadores, apenas pequenas diferenças em séries temporais foram identificadas usando métodos não-lineares. O parâmetro CV foi capaz de mostrar diferenças entre saltos com comprimentos de aproximação variados, e valores mais altos do parâmetro ∆vmale indicaram um maior efeito no sucesso do salto. Palavra chave: Salto com vara, velocidade, corrida de aproximação, desempenho.
Pole Vaulting (ScV) is generally considered the most complex and spectacular discipline in Athletics, and the relationship established between the athlete and the pole is fundamental to its success. Among the determining factors of performance, velocity seems to play a decisive role. The central objective of this thesis was to understand the role of velocity in ScV performance, which was developed through four complementary studies. Sistematic Review - The velocity in the Pole Vault event: a sistematic review A systematic literature review was carried out on the pole vault event from velocity behaviour in the approach running phase, with male and female elite jumpers in a training and competition environment. The SPORTDiscus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases were used through the PRISMA protocol, performing a search for articles published until January 2020. Articles were selected, using the keywords as inclusion criteria: Pole Vault; Velocity; Speed. Of the 62 studies found, only 21 were considered for review, divided into 12 scientific articles (conducted in a training and competition environment of elite athletes) and nine scientific reports (conducted in major international competitions). Regardless of the methodologies applied in the selected articles, the values of the velocities obtained were constant. Higher velocities values influenced other parameters related to the success of the jump, namely the choice of bigger and more rigid poles and performed take-offs further away from the box. The medal winners had higher average velocities values than the other finalist athletes. This study allowed us to reinforce the idea that high velocities are a fundamental parameter for the success of the jump. 1st Study - The influence of the maximum velocity changes during periodised training sea sons on full approach runs in the pole vault event 1st Study The study aimed to (1) interpret the maximum flying velocity and the velocity in the athlete’s approach run over two sporting seasons; (2) identify the association established between them, and (3) esta blish the relationship with sports performance in the pole vault event. A longitudinal study was conducted with two elite athletes during two sporting seasons. During 25 trai ning sessions, data were collected from 150 runs per athlete. The collected data measured the maximum velocity in the approach run without the jump, called task 1 (T1). The maximum velocity obtained by the athletes in the 20m fly test without a pole - task 2 (T2). It was concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between T1 and T2 (Athlete 1 = R2 = 0, 801, = < 0, 001; Athlete 2 = R2 = 0, 602; = 0,001). Similar behaviour was identified (with 97.53% for Athlete 1 and 97.88% for Athlete 2 of the total variance) between tasks T1 and T2. It was verified the existence of an agreement between the oscillations in the maximum velocity and the oscillations in the velocity obtained in the approach run. In this longitudinal study, there is a relationship between T1 and T2 for these two athletes. An increase in maximum velocity always translated into higher velocities in the approach run. 2nd Study - The influence of the speed in a pole vault the training season over a complete sport season The performance in the pole vault event is due to the combination of different physical, technical and psychological parameters. We tried to determine which kinematic and technical parameters most affect the performance of the ScV. Through a longitudinal study with two elite athletes, 464 jumps (155 for the female athlete and 309 for the male athlete) in training were evaluated. Using a laser Lidar system, the kinematic data related to each performance were collected, to which the respective technical data were associated (grip, pole flexibility, run-up length). In the observation of the different categories of success, athlete M had a higher percentage of ”0 - Fail”jumps in runs with 18 steps of the approach run (33.3%), with athlete F performing 55.5% of ”0 - Fail”jumps with 14 steps of approach run. There was a higher percentage of ”3 - clear the bar”jumps in 8-step from the approach run for athlete M (38.9%) and in runs with 12 steps for athlete F (16.0%). The study allowed us to verify that the approach run-length had an influence on the success of the jump, with different impacts among the athletes. It was confirmed the existence of other parameters that influenced the success of the jump, such as the grip height and the length of the pole used. In the category of ”3 - clear the bar”, it was found that for jumps greater than 90% of the SB, the parameters with the highest correlation with success were: Athlete M (Grip; size of the pole; v max; vmed16−11m; vmed11−6m) and for Athlete F (Grip; flex of the pole; dis vmax). 3rd Study - Non-linear and linear methods to analyze pole vault run-up in successful and unsuccessful jumps This study aimed to analyze the running component of pole-vaulting using both nonlinear and linear methods and determine if there is a relationship between the running aspect of pole-vaulting and overall sport performance. 215 jumps were analyzed from a single elite male athlete, aged 28 years, who had international repre sentation for their country. Fractal analysis using CoDim, sample entropy (SampEn), and CV was used to measure variations in the velocity of the run-up phase and compare it to the athlete’s sports performance during the jump. Linear analysis included the parameter vmale, which analyzed the velocity variation in the last 10 meters of the run-up. No significant evidence was found for SampEn, but CoDim showed a significant effect at 8nStp and 18nStp for successful jumps, and CV showed significant evidence at 12, 14, 16, and 18 steps. While the methods used in this study provide relevant information/data for coaches, only small differences in time series were identified using non-linear methods. The CV parameter was able to show differences between jumps with varying run lengths, and higher values of the ∆vmale parameter indicated a greater effect on jump success. Keywords: Pole vault, velocity, run-up, high performance
Pole Vaulting (ScV) is generally considered the most complex and spectacular discipline in Athletics, and the relationship established between the athlete and the pole is fundamental to its success. Among the determining factors of performance, velocity seems to play a decisive role. The central objective of this thesis was to understand the role of velocity in ScV performance, which was developed through four complementary studies. Sistematic Review - The velocity in the Pole Vault event: a sistematic review A systematic literature review was carried out on the pole vault event from velocity behaviour in the approach running phase, with male and female elite jumpers in a training and competition environment. The SPORTDiscus, PubMed and ISI Web of Science databases were used through the PRISMA protocol, performing a search for articles published until January 2020. Articles were selected, using the keywords as inclusion criteria: Pole Vault; Velocity; Speed. Of the 62 studies found, only 21 were considered for review, divided into 12 scientific articles (conducted in a training and competition environment of elite athletes) and nine scientific reports (conducted in major international competitions). Regardless of the methodologies applied in the selected articles, the values of the velocities obtained were constant. Higher velocities values influenced other parameters related to the success of the jump, namely the choice of bigger and more rigid poles and performed take-offs further away from the box. The medal winners had higher average velocities values than the other finalist athletes. This study allowed us to reinforce the idea that high velocities are a fundamental parameter for the success of the jump. 1st Study - The influence of the maximum velocity changes during periodised training sea sons on full approach runs in the pole vault event 1st Study The study aimed to (1) interpret the maximum flying velocity and the velocity in the athlete’s approach run over two sporting seasons; (2) identify the association established between them, and (3) esta blish the relationship with sports performance in the pole vault event. A longitudinal study was conducted with two elite athletes during two sporting seasons. During 25 trai ning sessions, data were collected from 150 runs per athlete. The collected data measured the maximum velocity in the approach run without the jump, called task 1 (T1). The maximum velocity obtained by the athletes in the 20m fly test without a pole - task 2 (T2). It was concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation between T1 and T2 (Athlete 1 = R2 = 0, 801, = < 0, 001; Athlete 2 = R2 = 0, 602; = 0,001). Similar behaviour was identified (with 97.53% for Athlete 1 and 97.88% for Athlete 2 of the total variance) between tasks T1 and T2. It was verified the existence of an agreement between the oscillations in the maximum velocity and the oscillations in the velocity obtained in the approach run. In this longitudinal study, there is a relationship between T1 and T2 for these two athletes. An increase in maximum velocity always translated into higher velocities in the approach run. 2nd Study - The influence of the speed in a pole vault the training season over a complete sport season The performance in the pole vault event is due to the combination of different physical, technical and psychological parameters. We tried to determine which kinematic and technical parameters most affect the performance of the ScV. Through a longitudinal study with two elite athletes, 464 jumps (155 for the female athlete and 309 for the male athlete) in training were evaluated. Using a laser Lidar system, the kinematic data related to each performance were collected, to which the respective technical data were associated (grip, pole flexibility, run-up length). In the observation of the different categories of success, athlete M had a higher percentage of ”0 - Fail”jumps in runs with 18 steps of the approach run (33.3%), with athlete F performing 55.5% of ”0 - Fail”jumps with 14 steps of approach run. There was a higher percentage of ”3 - clear the bar”jumps in 8-step from the approach run for athlete M (38.9%) and in runs with 12 steps for athlete F (16.0%). The study allowed us to verify that the approach run-length had an influence on the success of the jump, with different impacts among the athletes. It was confirmed the existence of other parameters that influenced the success of the jump, such as the grip height and the length of the pole used. In the category of ”3 - clear the bar”, it was found that for jumps greater than 90% of the SB, the parameters with the highest correlation with success were: Athlete M (Grip; size of the pole; v max; vmed16−11m; vmed11−6m) and for Athlete F (Grip; flex of the pole; dis vmax). 3rd Study - Non-linear and linear methods to analyze pole vault run-up in successful and unsuccessful jumps This study aimed to analyze the running component of pole-vaulting using both nonlinear and linear methods and determine if there is a relationship between the running aspect of pole-vaulting and overall sport performance. 215 jumps were analyzed from a single elite male athlete, aged 28 years, who had international repre sentation for their country. Fractal analysis using CoDim, sample entropy (SampEn), and CV was used to measure variations in the velocity of the run-up phase and compare it to the athlete’s sports performance during the jump. Linear analysis included the parameter vmale, which analyzed the velocity variation in the last 10 meters of the run-up. No significant evidence was found for SampEn, but CoDim showed a significant effect at 8nStp and 18nStp for successful jumps, and CV showed significant evidence at 12, 14, 16, and 18 steps. While the methods used in this study provide relevant information/data for coaches, only small differences in time series were identified using non-linear methods. The CV parameter was able to show differences between jumps with varying run lengths, and higher values of the ∆vmale parameter indicated a greater effect on jump success. Keywords: Pole vault, velocity, run-up, high performance
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DOUTORAMENTO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E DESPORTO, DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO, SALTO COM VARA, VELOCIDADE, CORRIDA, DESEMPENHO FÍSICO, SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, PHYSICAL EXERCISE, POLE VAULTING, SPEED, RUNNING, PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, Doutoramento em Educação Física e Desporto