O estigma do preconceito : um estudo sobre representações de pacientes portadores de hanseníase no Município de Pedras de Fogo – Paraíba, Brasil
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2009
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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar uma análise das Representações Sociais sobre a hanseníase e das condições sociais geradoras desta doença em pacientes do município paraibano de Pedras de Fogo, visto que o caráter cultural da enfermidade afeta a inserção do paciente com hanseníase na sociedade. Optou-se pela abordagem de natureza qualitativa. A população do estudo constituiu-se dos 11 pacientes diagnosticados no ano de 2005 no município. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram: os prontuários dos pacientes, um roteiro para entrevista semiestruturada, que foi gravada, após autorização dos sujeitos, com questões norteadoras para verificar as representações da doença, e também um questionário baseado em parâmetros do IBGE, do qual constavam a identificação e algumas características sociais, econômicas, educacionais e domiciliares do entrevistado. Como resultados observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (72,72%); apresentavam baixo grau de alfabetização (45,45% eram analfabetos) e apenas um (9,09%) era universitário. Constatou-se a falta de emprego entre os entrevistados (somente 18,18% possuíam trabalho fixo); a renda mensal variou de ½ a 3 salários mínimos e só uma família (9,09%) apresentou rendimentos de 5 salários. Quanto às condições de moradia, a maioria das casas era de alvenaria e próprias, com banheiros e sanitários, tinham coleta de lixo e abastecimento de água de rede geral, porém todas com esgoto a céu aberto. Todos possuíam TV e, grande parte, também rádio. Quanto às Representações, os sujeitos do estudo tinham as lesões de pele e deformidades como maiores inquietações, alguns tentavam ocultar, enquanto outros arriscavam com ‘falsa naturalidade’ assumir a condição de hansenianos, o que fazia mudar suas identidades (virtual e real), num jogo de aceitação social, em que a mancha era o estigma para a exclusão. Assim, conclui-se que os pacientes incorporam os conhecimentos sobre a doença, atribuindo-lhes significados de acordo com suas crenças e valores. Por conseguinte, a maioria sofreu estigma ou se autoestigmatizou, sendo esta situação encontrada mesmo entre os que tiveram apoio da família e de amigos.
The objective of this research was to make an analysis of the Social Representations of Hansen’s disease and the social conditions that generate this disease in patients from the town of Pedras de Fogo, state of Paraíba, once the cultural character of this illness affects the insertion of the Hansen patient in society. In this study, we chose an approach of qualitative nature. Population of the study consisted of the 11 patients diagnosed in the year of 2005 in the referred town. Instruments used for the collection of data were: patients applications, a guide to a semi-structured interview, which was recorded after the authorization of the individual, with questions directed to verify the social representations of the disease, and also a questionnaire based on the parameters of IBGE, in which were listed identification and some social, economic, educational and domiciliary characteristics of the interviewed. As results it was observed that most of the patients were females (72.72%); showed low alphabetization level (45.45% were illiterate) and only one (9.09%) was university student. It was noticed the lack of job among the interviewed (only 18.18% had a steady job); the income per month varied from ½ to 3 minimum salaries, and only one family (9.0%) showed monthly income of 5 salaries. Concerning habitation, most were masonry houses and self-owned, with bathrooms and toilets, had garbage collection and general providing of water, although without treatment, and with open sky sewage system. All of them had a television and, great part, also a radio. Concerning the Social Representations, individuals under study considered skin lesions and deformities as their greatest inquietudes. Some tried to hide them while others risked with “false naturalness” the condition of leper, which managed to change their identities (virtual and real ones), in a game of social acceptance in which the macule was the stigma for exclusion. Therefore, we concluded that patients incorporate the knowledge on the disease, attributing themselves meanings according to their beliefs and values. In this sense, most had suffered stigma or had stigmatized themselves, being this situation found even among those which had the support of family and friends.
The objective of this research was to make an analysis of the Social Representations of Hansen’s disease and the social conditions that generate this disease in patients from the town of Pedras de Fogo, state of Paraíba, once the cultural character of this illness affects the insertion of the Hansen patient in society. In this study, we chose an approach of qualitative nature. Population of the study consisted of the 11 patients diagnosed in the year of 2005 in the referred town. Instruments used for the collection of data were: patients applications, a guide to a semi-structured interview, which was recorded after the authorization of the individual, with questions directed to verify the social representations of the disease, and also a questionnaire based on the parameters of IBGE, in which were listed identification and some social, economic, educational and domiciliary characteristics of the interviewed. As results it was observed that most of the patients were females (72.72%); showed low alphabetization level (45.45% were illiterate) and only one (9.09%) was university student. It was noticed the lack of job among the interviewed (only 18.18% had a steady job); the income per month varied from ½ to 3 minimum salaries, and only one family (9.0%) showed monthly income of 5 salaries. Concerning habitation, most were masonry houses and self-owned, with bathrooms and toilets, had garbage collection and general providing of water, although without treatment, and with open sky sewage system. All of them had a television and, great part, also a radio. Concerning the Social Representations, individuals under study considered skin lesions and deformities as their greatest inquietudes. Some tried to hide them while others risked with “false naturalness” the condition of leper, which managed to change their identities (virtual and real ones), in a game of social acceptance in which the macule was the stigma for exclusion. Therefore, we concluded that patients incorporate the knowledge on the disease, attributing themselves meanings according to their beliefs and values. In this sense, most had suffered stigma or had stigmatized themselves, being this situation found even among those which had the support of family and friends.
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Orientação: Ana Maria Gondim Valença ; co-orientação: Manuel Tavares
Palavras-chave
EDUCAÇÃO, SOCIOLOGIA, REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS, EDUCATION, SOCIOLOGY, LEPRA, LEPROSY, MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS DA EDUCAÇÃO, SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS