Desenvolvimento de novas vacinas anti-virais : da bancada até aos planos de vacinação
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2020
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Os vírus são agentes infecciosos e parasitas obrigatórios. Na china, foi desenvolvida a prática da variolação como forma preventiva da varíola, prática que foi levada para a Europa e que mostrou ser eficaz, reduzindo a taxa de mortalidade por varíola. Esta técnica foi importante para o desenvolvimento de outras vacinas.
Em Portugal, o Plano Nacional de Vacinação fez recentemente 54 anos de existência e tem tido excelentes resultados, com uma doença erradicada, cinco doenças eliminadas e sete doenças controladas.
Existe atualmente a necessidade de criar novas vacinas que induzam uma resposta imunitária adequada. O objetivo principal é sempre criar novas vacinas mais eficazes e seguras. Para isso várias estratégias de vacinação têm vindo a ser continuamente desenvolvidas.
Através do estudo feito foi possível verificar que ainda existem muitos países sem algumas vacinas anti-virais no seu Plano de Vacinação. Por outro lado, há ainda alguns países a introduzirem a vacina contra a Hepatite B. Entre o ano 2000 e 2009 foi introduzida em 93 países, mas ainda se verifica a introdução da mesma no ano 2019 em três países.
A nível global a adesão à vacinação tem vindo a aumentar. É exemplo disso o a vacina do HPV, estima-se que 47 milhões de mulheres de todo o mundo foram vacinadas. Existem vacinas que não têm tanta adesão, como a vacina do Rotavírus, em que as taxas de imunização são muito baixas.
Nos últimos 5 anos têm-se desenvolvido novas vacinas anti-virais, muitas delas contra o vírus do Ébola, pois há um número acrescido de mortes por essa doença nos últimos anos. O candidato mais próximo é o rVSV-ZEBOV, mas estão em ensaios clínicos outras vacinas promissoras. Em ensaios clínicos de fase I a fase III temos também vacinas para o vírus do Dengue, HBV e Poliovírus.
A ambição é chegar a 2030 evitando 167 milhões de novos casos de doenças, salvar 1,9 milhões de vidas e economizar 58 mil milhões de USD, mas para isso temos que definir novos desafios e objetivos.
Viruses are infectious agentes and obligatory parasites. In China, the practice of variolation was developed as a preventive form of smallpox, a practice that was brought to Europe and which has proved to be effective in reducing the rate of mortality from smallpox. This technique was important for the discovery of other vaccines. In Portugal, the National Vaccination Plan has recently made 54 years of existence and has had excellent results, with an eradicated disease, five eliminated diseases and seven controlled diseases. There is a need to create new vaccines that induce na adequate immune response. The main objective is always to create new, more effective and safer vaccines. For this, several vaccinatio strategies have been continuously developed. Through the study it was possible to verify that there are still many countries without having anti-viral vaccines in their Vaccination Plan. On the other hand, few countries are introducing the Hepatitis B vaccine. Between 2000 and 2009 it was introduced in 93 countries, but still there is an introduction in 2019 in three countries. Globally, vaccination has been increasing its adherence, as in the case of the HPV vaccine, an estimated 47 million women worldwide were vaccinated. There are vaccines that do not have as much adherence, such as the Rotavirus vaccine, where immunization rates are very low. In the last 5 years, new anti-viral vaccines have been developed, many of them against Ebola, as there are an increased number of deaths from this disease in recente years. The closest candidate is rVSV-ZEBOV, but other promising vaccines are in clinical trials. In phase I to phase III clinical trials, we also have vaccines for the Dengue virus, HBV and Poliovirus. The ambition is to reach 2030 avoiding 167 million new cases of disease, saving 1.9 million lives and saving 58 billion USD, but for that we have to define new challenges and objectives.
Viruses are infectious agentes and obligatory parasites. In China, the practice of variolation was developed as a preventive form of smallpox, a practice that was brought to Europe and which has proved to be effective in reducing the rate of mortality from smallpox. This technique was important for the discovery of other vaccines. In Portugal, the National Vaccination Plan has recently made 54 years of existence and has had excellent results, with an eradicated disease, five eliminated diseases and seven controlled diseases. There is a need to create new vaccines that induce na adequate immune response. The main objective is always to create new, more effective and safer vaccines. For this, several vaccinatio strategies have been continuously developed. Through the study it was possible to verify that there are still many countries without having anti-viral vaccines in their Vaccination Plan. On the other hand, few countries are introducing the Hepatitis B vaccine. Between 2000 and 2009 it was introduced in 93 countries, but still there is an introduction in 2019 in three countries. Globally, vaccination has been increasing its adherence, as in the case of the HPV vaccine, an estimated 47 million women worldwide were vaccinated. There are vaccines that do not have as much adherence, such as the Rotavirus vaccine, where immunization rates are very low. In the last 5 years, new anti-viral vaccines have been developed, many of them against Ebola, as there are an increased number of deaths from this disease in recente years. The closest candidate is rVSV-ZEBOV, but other promising vaccines are in clinical trials. In phase I to phase III clinical trials, we also have vaccines for the Dengue virus, HBV and Poliovirus. The ambition is to reach 2030 avoiding 167 million new cases of disease, saving 1.9 million lives and saving 58 billion USD, but for that we have to define new challenges and objectives.
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Orientação: Nuno Ricardo de Almeida Saraiva
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MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS, CIÊNCIAS FARMACÊUTICAS, PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, VÍRUS, VIRUS, VACINAÇÃO, VACCINATION, VACINAS, VACCINES, EFICÁCIA, EFFICACY, ENSAIOS CLÍNICOS, CLINICAL TRIALS