Suplementação de vitamina B12 em individuos veganos: scoping review
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2023
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O veganismo é uma forma estrita e restritiva de vegetarianismo que elimina todas as formas
de exploração animal na produção de alimentos e outras áreas da vida. Embora a dieta vegana
seja tradicionalmente seguida em partes da Índia há séculos, o veganismo emergiu como um mo vimento moral alternativo nos países ocidentais na década de 60. Com o crescimento das mídias
sociais, o veganismo está se tornando mais visível e aceite no desporto e na indústria de saúde e
fitness. Vários estudos mostram que os vegetarianos têm menor índice de massa corporal, coles terol sérico, açúcar no sangue e pressão arterial e menores taxas de morte por doenças cardíacas
do que os não vegetarianos. No entanto, as dietas veganas apresentam problemas em relação
aos níveis de vitamina B12, que são encontrados principalmente em alimentos de origem animal.
Isso torna os veganos mais suscetíveis à deficiência dessa vitamina, o que pode levar a complica ções de saúde. A prática e vivência clínica faz perceber que muitos indivíduos veganos e alguns
nutricionistas questionam a necessidade desse suplemento vitamínico.
O objetivo específico foi identificar os estudos existentes na última década avaliando inter venções de suplementos alimentares e seus resultados em diferentes populações, com foco na vi tamina B12 e os efeitos da deficiência desse nutriente. Usando o método de revisão bibliográfica
baseado em modelos do Instituto Joanna Briggs, foram identificados os estudos publicados nos úl timos 10 anos nas bases de dados eletrónicas PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science e EBSCO (Li brary, Information Science & Technology Abstracts e Academic Search Complete). Sessenta e cin co estudos de 217 artigos identificados foram incluídos.
Após análise detalhada, os estudos foram divididos em três grupos distintos. O primeiro gru po incluiu estudos que estabeleceram uma ligação entre a deficiência de vitamina B12 e a doença
(n = 14). O segundo grupo incluiu estudos que analisaram a dieta de vegetarianos (veganos ou
não), sem focar especificamente na vitamina B12 (n=44). Finalmente, o terceiro grupo inclui estu dos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de diretrizes alimentares e localização de bases nutri cionais (n=7). A conclusão da revisão foi que a deficiência de vitamina B12 é comum entre os ve getarianos devido ao consumo limitado de alimentos de origem animal. Os suplementos de vitami na B12 são eficazes na prevenção e tratamento dessa deficiência em vegetarianos, com ingestão
diária recomendada de 25 a 100 microgramas. Identificam-se lacunas na literatura atual, nomea damente a ausência de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados avaliando os efeitos de diferentes doses ou
formas de vitamina B12 em vegetarianos. Conclui-se, também, sobre a necessidade de mais edu cação e consciencialização pública em relação à importância da vitamina B12 numa dieta vegana.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
Suplementos alimentares, vitamina b12, cobalamina, deficiência, dieta vegana, dieta à base
de plantas, vegetarianismo
Veganism is a strict and restrictive form of vegetarianism that eliminates all forms of animal exploitation in food production and other areas of life. Although the vegan diet has been tradition ally followed in parts of India for centuries, veganism emerged as an alternative moral movement in western countries in the 1960s. With the growth of social media, veganism is becoming more visi ble and accepted in sport and the health and fitness industry. Studies show that vegetarians have lower body mass index, serum cholesterol, blood sugar and blood pressure and lower rates of death from heart disease than non-vegetarians. However, vegan diets have problems regarding vi tamin B12 (Vit B12) levels, which are mostly found in animal foods. This makes vegans more sus ceptible to vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to health complications. Clinical practice and expe rience makes it clear that many vegan individuals and some nutritionists question the need for this vitamin supplementation, based on clinical practice. In this context, this review investigated the relationship between the increase in the number of vegans and Vit B12 deficiency in the last decade. The objective was to identify existing studies evaluating dietary supplement interventions and their outcomes in different populations, with a fo cus on Vit B12 and the effects of Vit B12 deficiency. Using the Joanna Briggs Institute model-based scoping method, studies within the past 10 years were identified in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sci ence, and EBSCO (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and Academic Search Complete) electronic databases. Sixty-five studies from 217 identified articles were included. After detailed analysis, the studies were divided into three distinct groups. The first group included studies that established a link between Vit B12 deficiency and dis ease (n = 14). The second group included studies that analyzed the diet of vegetarians (vegan or not), without specifically focusing on Vit B12 (n=44). Finally, the third group includes studies that contribute to the development of dietary guidelines and the location of nutritional bases (n=7). The conclusion of the review was that Vit B12 deficiency is common among vegetarians due to limited consumption of animal foods. Vit B12 supplements are effective in preventing and treating this defi ciency in vegetarians, with a recommended daily intake of 25 to 100 micrograms. However, there are gaps in the current literature, such as the lack of randomized clinical trials evaluating the ef fects of different doses or forms of Vit B12 in vegetarians. The conclusion of the review is that Vit B12 deficiency is common among vegans due to lim ited consumption of animal foods. Vit B12 supplementation is effective in preventing and treating this deficiency in vegetarians, with a daily intake of 25 to 100 micrograms being recommended. However, there are gaps in the current literature, such as the lack of randomized clinical trials eval uating the effects of different doses or forms of Vit B12 in vegetarians. In addition, greater educa tion and public awareness of the importance of Vit B12 in vegan diets is needed. KEYWORDS Dietary or Food supplements, b12 vitamin, cobalamin, deficiency, vegan diet, plant based diet, vegetarianism
Veganism is a strict and restrictive form of vegetarianism that eliminates all forms of animal exploitation in food production and other areas of life. Although the vegan diet has been tradition ally followed in parts of India for centuries, veganism emerged as an alternative moral movement in western countries in the 1960s. With the growth of social media, veganism is becoming more visi ble and accepted in sport and the health and fitness industry. Studies show that vegetarians have lower body mass index, serum cholesterol, blood sugar and blood pressure and lower rates of death from heart disease than non-vegetarians. However, vegan diets have problems regarding vi tamin B12 (Vit B12) levels, which are mostly found in animal foods. This makes vegans more sus ceptible to vitamin D deficiency, which can lead to health complications. Clinical practice and expe rience makes it clear that many vegan individuals and some nutritionists question the need for this vitamin supplementation, based on clinical practice. In this context, this review investigated the relationship between the increase in the number of vegans and Vit B12 deficiency in the last decade. The objective was to identify existing studies evaluating dietary supplement interventions and their outcomes in different populations, with a fo cus on Vit B12 and the effects of Vit B12 deficiency. Using the Joanna Briggs Institute model-based scoping method, studies within the past 10 years were identified in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Sci ence, and EBSCO (Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts, and Academic Search Complete) electronic databases. Sixty-five studies from 217 identified articles were included. After detailed analysis, the studies were divided into three distinct groups. The first group included studies that established a link between Vit B12 deficiency and dis ease (n = 14). The second group included studies that analyzed the diet of vegetarians (vegan or not), without specifically focusing on Vit B12 (n=44). Finally, the third group includes studies that contribute to the development of dietary guidelines and the location of nutritional bases (n=7). The conclusion of the review was that Vit B12 deficiency is common among vegetarians due to limited consumption of animal foods. Vit B12 supplements are effective in preventing and treating this defi ciency in vegetarians, with a recommended daily intake of 25 to 100 micrograms. However, there are gaps in the current literature, such as the lack of randomized clinical trials evaluating the ef fects of different doses or forms of Vit B12 in vegetarians. The conclusion of the review is that Vit B12 deficiency is common among vegans due to lim ited consumption of animal foods. Vit B12 supplementation is effective in preventing and treating this deficiency in vegetarians, with a daily intake of 25 to 100 micrograms being recommended. However, there are gaps in the current literature, such as the lack of randomized clinical trials eval uating the effects of different doses or forms of Vit B12 in vegetarians. In addition, greater educa tion and public awareness of the importance of Vit B12 in vegan diets is needed. KEYWORDS Dietary or Food supplements, b12 vitamin, cobalamin, deficiency, vegan diet, plant based diet, vegetarianism
Descrição
Orientação: Maria Do Céu Costa
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM PRODUTOS DE SAÚDE E SUPLEMENTOS ALIMENTARES, SUPLEMENTOS ALIMENTARES, DIETARY SUPPLEMENT, VITAMINAS, VITAMINS, VEGETARIANISMO, VEGETARIANISM, DIETA ALIMENTAR, DIET, VEGANISMO, VEGANISM, VITAMINA B12, VITAMIN B12