O papel da Organização das Nações Unidas em Angola
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2011
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Angola tem sido ao longo dos tempos objecto de cobiça por parte de países
estrangeiros por motivações diversas, que foram desde interesses coloniais – como aconteceu
com Portugal, que durante séculos a colonizou, e da Holanda, que dominou Luanda entre
1641 e 1648 – ou por interesses hegemónicos, ideológicos e políticos – como sucedeu com os
EUA e a URSS, mas também com a Republica Popular da China e Cuba – e até por interesses
regionais – como foram os casos da África do Sul e dos contíguos Congo Belga, hoje
Republica Democrática do Congo, e Zâmbia.
No entanto, a todos estes interesses diversos não se pode excluir um que lhes é
transversal: o interesse económico.
De facto, os 1246700 km²
de que Angola dispõe, aliados à sua excelente localização
geográfica com uma extensa costa atlântica e a sua extraordinária riqueza em recursos
naturais podem explicar este envolvimento estrangeiro na História de Angola.
No que diz respeito ao objecto da Dissertação, o envolvimento da ONU nas questões
relacionadas com Angola remonta à década de 50, ou seja, ao período colonial e muito antes
da independência do país em 1975, devido à política descolonizadora saída da II Guerra
Mundial. Além disso, a dinâmica que emergiu da II Guerra Mundial, rapidamente,
reconfigurou o panorama político internacional em dois blocos: o ocidental liderado pelos
EUA e o de Leste liderado pela URSS, que se envolveram numa Guerra Fria, polarização
cujos efeitos se ligam de forma trágica à guerra em Angola, primeiro para a
autodeterminação, e, depois, já num contexto de independência, num conflito armado que
ultrapassou o plano interno.
Os interesses dos EUA e da URSS, que começaram por ser antagónicos, deram lugar
em 1989 com o fim da bipolaridade a uma cooperação mais aberta e uma abertura política em
Angola rumo à paz e ao início da construção da democracia.
Neste trabalho estuda-se o papel da ONU em Angola, quer no período de luta pela
independência, quer depois, na busca da paz no sangrento conflito – nem sempre civil – que
mesmo antes da data da independência, a 11 de Novembro de 1975, e até Fevereiro de 2002,
dilacerou o país.
Procura-se, igualmente, analisar o contributo da ONU na consolidação das instituições
e na construção de um regime democrático em Angola.
Angola has been along time subject to the greed of several foreign countries for many reasons and motivations which go from colonial interests - that is the cases of, Portugal which for centuries colonized it, and Netherlands under whose administration had been Luanda between 1641 and 1648 - or for hegemonic, ideological and political interests - as it happened in regard to USA and USSR, but also People‟s Republic of China, Cuba, - and even for regional interests - regarding South Africa Republic, and the neighbouring countries, Democratic Republic of Congo (ancient Republic of the Congo “Leopoldville”), and the Republic of Zambia. On the other hand to these interests we may join another which is transversal to all of them: economic interest. Effectively, Angola‟s 481,351 square miles (1,246,700 Km2 ) estimated area, combined with its excellent geographical location with a lengthy Atlantic coast, its extraordinary richness in natural resources may well explain this foreign participation in its Political History. Concerning the objective of this work, the UN has been involved in matters regarding Angola since the decade of 50 of the last century, during the colonial period, long before the independence of the country in 1975, due to the decolonization policy emerged from the Second World War. Furthermore, after the Second World War, international environment has changed, transforming quickly the world into two main blocs, the West with the leadership of the USA and the East with the leadership of USSR which went into a Cold War. The effects of this polarization reached tragically Angola, early in the fight for self-determination, and went on later after independence in an armed conflict, which has overcome the internal dimension. The USA and USSR interests, at the beginning being antagonistic had become by 1989, with the end of bipolarity, more cooperative, leading Angola to a political reform towards peace and beginning the construction of democracy. In this academic work it‟s studied the UNO role in Angola since the fight for self-determination early in the sixties of last century, and later in the search for peace during the bloody - and not always civil – war conflict which very before independence date in 11th November 1975, and as long as 2002, divided the country. Additionally, this work aims to understand the UNO contribution to consolidate institutions and to promote democracy in Angola.
Angola has been along time subject to the greed of several foreign countries for many reasons and motivations which go from colonial interests - that is the cases of, Portugal which for centuries colonized it, and Netherlands under whose administration had been Luanda between 1641 and 1648 - or for hegemonic, ideological and political interests - as it happened in regard to USA and USSR, but also People‟s Republic of China, Cuba, - and even for regional interests - regarding South Africa Republic, and the neighbouring countries, Democratic Republic of Congo (ancient Republic of the Congo “Leopoldville”), and the Republic of Zambia. On the other hand to these interests we may join another which is transversal to all of them: economic interest. Effectively, Angola‟s 481,351 square miles (1,246,700 Km2 ) estimated area, combined with its excellent geographical location with a lengthy Atlantic coast, its extraordinary richness in natural resources may well explain this foreign participation in its Political History. Concerning the objective of this work, the UN has been involved in matters regarding Angola since the decade of 50 of the last century, during the colonial period, long before the independence of the country in 1975, due to the decolonization policy emerged from the Second World War. Furthermore, after the Second World War, international environment has changed, transforming quickly the world into two main blocs, the West with the leadership of the USA and the East with the leadership of USSR which went into a Cold War. The effects of this polarization reached tragically Angola, early in the fight for self-determination, and went on later after independence in an armed conflict, which has overcome the internal dimension. The USA and USSR interests, at the beginning being antagonistic had become by 1989, with the end of bipolarity, more cooperative, leading Angola to a political reform towards peace and beginning the construction of democracy. In this academic work it‟s studied the UNO role in Angola since the fight for self-determination early in the sixties of last century, and later in the search for peace during the bloody - and not always civil – war conflict which very before independence date in 11th November 1975, and as long as 2002, divided the country. Additionally, this work aims to understand the UNO contribution to consolidate institutions and to promote democracy in Angola.
Descrição
Orientador: José Filipe Pinto
Palavras-chave
CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA, NAÇÕES UNIDAS, ANGOLA, DIPLOMACIA, INDEPENDÊNCIA, COOPERAÇÃO, DEMOCRACIA, POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION, DIPLOMACY, INDEPENDENCE, COOPERATION, DEMOCRACY, MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA - CIDADANIA E GOVERNAÇÃO