Reconhecimento de padrões estruturais, construtivos e materiais nas Pontes da Casa Eiffel em Portugal
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2018
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Desde o tempo dos romanos que as pontes são desafios da Engenharia Civil para
ultrapassar obstáculos na ligação entre dois locais, nomeadamente rios e vales acentuados. Na
história, as pontes metálicas surgiram em massa com o advento das linhas ferroviárias no século
XIX, onde Gustave Eiffel foi um dos grandes pioneiros na arte de construir pontes em ferro,
pelo que o seu legado deve ser esclarecido para as gerações atuais e eternizado para as futuras.
Assim, esta dissertação pretende contribuir para um melhor conhecimento das pontes de
ferro da Casa Eiffel. Para isso, este trabalho começa por retratar a evolução histórica das pontes
metálicas e depois efetua um reconhecimento de padrões nas pontes metálicas da Casa Eiffel em
Portugal, no que respeita à configuração estrutural, aos processos construtivos, aos materiais
estruturais utilizados e, de forma sumária, aos métodos de cálculo e de dimensionamento.
Com base nos documentos da época, tanto nos próprios projetos das pontes como nos
testemunhos refletidos na imprensa, foi possível compilar informação detalhada de cada uma
das pontes metálicas realizadas em Portugal. Uma análise conjunta da informação permitiu
identificar os principais materiais utilizados na superestrutura, o ferro pudelado e ferro fundido,
e as suas características à época. A análise dos projetos originais permitiu constatar que a opção
por um determinado tipo de elemento estrutural estava diretamente ligada ao nível de
solicitação, como a utilização de treliça de rótula dupla, em tramos com solicitações mais
elevadas, e de treliça em Cruz de Santo André, para os restantes casos. Desta análise foi ainda
identificado um padrão na proporção entre os tramos das pontes metálicas, sendo o seu
dimensionamento otimizado de modo a uniformizar os momentos máximos negativos. Foi
também possível constatar o rigor no dimensionamento e na escolha dos materiais estruturais,
bem como a evolução e a implementação pela Casa Eiffel de métodos construtivos inovadores,
como os aplicados para a construção de fundações através de caixões de ar comprimido, a
ancoragem dos pilares metálicos às suas bases e a utilização de treliças nas vigas principais.
Considera-se que o presente trabalho pode contribuir para um melhor conhecimento
sobre a construção de pontes metálicas em Portugal e para uma melhor compreensão das obras
existentes, com vista à sua futura conservação e reabilitação. Além disso, o mesmo pretende
promover a consciência social, nacional e internacional, para a importância da conservação e da
reabilitação do património histórico deixado pela Casa Eiffel.
Ever since the Roman Empire, bridges have been representing challenges for engineers to overcome obstacles and connecting places, by overpassing rivers or steep valleys. In history, the metal bridges have developed significantly with the construction of the first railway lines, in the nineteenth century, where Gustave Eiffel was one of the greatest pioneers in the art of constructing iron bridges. Therefore, his legacy must be enlightened for the present generations and eternalized for the future generations. This dissertation intends to contribute to a better knowledge of the Eiffel House iron bridges and so, it begins by describing the historical evolution of the metallic bridges, and then, performs pattern recognition of in the bridges constructed by the Eiffel House in Portugal. The pattern recognition addresses the structural configuration, the construction processes, the structural materials used and, briefly, the methods of calculation and design. Based on the documents of that time, including the original bridge design documents and press reviews and testimonials, it was possible to compile detailed information on each of the metal bridges built in in Portugal. A joint analysis of the information allowed identifying the main materials used in the superstructure, the puddled iron and cast iron, and their characteristics at the time. The analysis of the original designs of the bridges, showed that the option for a certain type of structural element was directly related to the load level as, for example, the use of double ball-and-socket trusses, in sections with higher loads, and trusses in Saint Andrew's Cross, for the remaining cases. From this analysis, a pattern regarding the proportion between different bridge sections was also identified and was observed that the sections design had been optimised in order to standardize the maximum negative moments. It was also possible to attest the thoroughness in the design and in the selection of structural materials, as well as the implementation of innovative construction methods by the Eiffel House. Among these are, for example, the construction of foundations through compressed air coffins, the anchoring of metal pillars to their bases and the use of trusses in the main beams. The present work aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the construction of metallic bridges in Portugal and for a thorough understanding of existing works, with a view to their future maintenance and rehabilitation. In addition, it aims to promote national and international social awareness of the importance of preserving and rehabilitating the historic heritage remaining from the Eiffel House.
Ever since the Roman Empire, bridges have been representing challenges for engineers to overcome obstacles and connecting places, by overpassing rivers or steep valleys. In history, the metal bridges have developed significantly with the construction of the first railway lines, in the nineteenth century, where Gustave Eiffel was one of the greatest pioneers in the art of constructing iron bridges. Therefore, his legacy must be enlightened for the present generations and eternalized for the future generations. This dissertation intends to contribute to a better knowledge of the Eiffel House iron bridges and so, it begins by describing the historical evolution of the metallic bridges, and then, performs pattern recognition of in the bridges constructed by the Eiffel House in Portugal. The pattern recognition addresses the structural configuration, the construction processes, the structural materials used and, briefly, the methods of calculation and design. Based on the documents of that time, including the original bridge design documents and press reviews and testimonials, it was possible to compile detailed information on each of the metal bridges built in in Portugal. A joint analysis of the information allowed identifying the main materials used in the superstructure, the puddled iron and cast iron, and their characteristics at the time. The analysis of the original designs of the bridges, showed that the option for a certain type of structural element was directly related to the load level as, for example, the use of double ball-and-socket trusses, in sections with higher loads, and trusses in Saint Andrew's Cross, for the remaining cases. From this analysis, a pattern regarding the proportion between different bridge sections was also identified and was observed that the sections design had been optimised in order to standardize the maximum negative moments. It was also possible to attest the thoroughness in the design and in the selection of structural materials, as well as the implementation of innovative construction methods by the Eiffel House. Among these are, for example, the construction of foundations through compressed air coffins, the anchoring of metal pillars to their bases and the use of trusses in the main beams. The present work aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the construction of metallic bridges in Portugal and for a thorough understanding of existing works, with a view to their future maintenance and rehabilitation. In addition, it aims to promote national and international social awareness of the importance of preserving and rehabilitating the historic heritage remaining from the Eiffel House.
Descrição
Orientação: Elói João Faria Figueiredo
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA CIVIL, ENGENHARIA CIVIL, PONTES, CONSTRUÇÃO DE PONTES, RECONHECIMENTO DE PADRÕES, ESTRUTURAS METÁLICAS, CÁLCULO ESTRUTURAL, TRELIÇA, CIVIL ENGINEERING, BRIDGES, BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, PATTERN RECOGNITION, METALLIC STRUCTURES, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, TRUSS, EIFFEL, GUSTAVE