Framing empathy : examining audience responses to female-on-male sexual violence

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dc.contributor.authorTselenti, Danai
dc.contributor.authorCardoso, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorCarvalho, Joana
dc.contributor.institutionCICANT (FCT) - Centro de Investigação em Comunicação Aplicada, Cultura e Novas Tecnologias
dc.date.accessioned2025-02-24T16:35:02Z
dc.date.available2025-02-24T16:35:02Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-17
dc.description.abstractThe purpose of this secondary study was to investigate readers’ empathic framings in response to a female-on-male rape literary story, as articulated in online reviews on Goodreads. Drawing upon Nabi’s “emotions-as-frames” approach, we conducted a qualitative framing analysis by using a combination of deductive and inductive strategies. Two overarching empathy frames already present in the literature (bright, and dark empathy) served as interpretive anchors for categorizing empathic responses. Additionally, sentiment analysis was used to assess responses’ emotional valences. Qualitative findings yielded five main framings: (1) femalecentered empathy and (2) sadistic empathy (aligning with the dark empathy frame); (3) empathic distress and (4) empathic anger (demonstrating overlaps between the bright and dark empathy frame), and (5) compassion (characteristic of the bright empathy frame). Sentiment analysis results showed a notable presence of mixed sentiments. Our findings highlight how empathy operates across a spectrum, encompassing various combinations of self-oriented and other-oriented framings with diverse emotional valences (positive, negative and mixed). These nuanced responses shape distinct paths of feeling through, with/as, for, or even showing concern for the fictional male victims. They further point to the significance of “feeling rules” that socially distribute empathy and establish hierarchies of “deserving” and “nondeserving” recipients. Departing from previous research that approaches empathic reactions to rape themes within a unidimensional perspective, our findings point to the importance of addressing the interrelations between audience responses and multi-dimensional, multivalent emotional flows. We further discuss the implications of the “darker” sides of empathic engagement for sexual violence prevention and efforts to challenge male rape myths.en
dc.description.sponsorshipOpen access funding provided by FCT|FCCN (b-on). This study is part of the project FEMOFFENCE – The myth of innocence: A mixed methods approach towards the understanding of female sexual offending behavior (PTDC/PSI-GER/28097/2017), supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through national and European funds granted to the Principal Investigator Joana Carvalho.
dc.identifier.citationTselenti, D, Cardoso, D & Carvalho, J 2025, 'Framing empathy : examining audience responses to female-on-male sexual violence', Sexuality & Culture. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-025-10332-5
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-025-10332-5
dc.identifier.issn1936-4822
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10437/15090
dc.identifier.urlhttp://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85218180987&partnerID=8YFLogxK
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofSexuality & Culture
dc.rightsopenAccess
dc.subjectPSYCHOLOGY
dc.subjectEMOTIONS
dc.subjectEMPATHY
dc.subjectSEXUAL VIOLENCE
dc.subjectMEN
dc.subjectFEELINGS
dc.subjectPSICOLOGIA
dc.subjectEMOÇÕES
dc.subjectEMPATIA
dc.subjectVIOLÊNCIA SEXUAL
dc.subjectSENTIMENTOS
dc.subjectCICANT - Artigos de Revistas Internacionais com Arbitragem Científica
dc.titleFraming empathy : examining audience responses to female-on-male sexual violenceen
dc.typearticle

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