Os efeitos da insolvência no contrato-promessa de compra e venda
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2025
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O contrato-promessa de compra e venda constitui um instrumento fundamental nas relações jurídico-económicas, estabelecendo obrigações vinculativas entre as partes antes da efetiva transmissão da propriedade. No entanto, a declaração de insolvência de um dos contratantes levanta questões complexas sobre a validade, a execução e os efeitos desse contrato, sendo regulada por disposições legais específicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os impactos da insolvência no contrato-promessa de compra e venda, explorando as suas implicações para os credores, a estabilidade contratual e a segurança patrimonial. A investigação adota uma abordagem doutrinária e jurisprudencial, examinando o quadro legal previsto no Código da Insolvência e da Recuperação de Empresas (CIRE) e as suas repercussões nas relações contratuais. São analisados os efeitos da insolvência consoante o promitente-comprador seja titular de contrato-promessa com eficácia meramente obrigacional ou com eficácia real. Além disso, avaliam-se os mecanismos legais disponíveis para proteger os interesses dos credores. Conclui-se que, embora o quadro normativo permita soluções diferenciadas consoante o contexto da insolvência, persistem desafios interpretativos quanto à compatibilização das regras concursais com a tutela da parte não insolvente. A jurisprudência tem desempenhado um papel determinante na clarificação dos critérios para a manutenção ou resolução do contrato-promessa, especialmente nos casos em que se discute a prevalência da tutela específica sobre os princípios orientadores do processo da insolvência. Este estudo pretende contribuir para a reflexão crítica sobre o atual regime jurídico, sugerindo eventuais ajustamentos normativos que reforcem a segurança jurídica e a previsibilidade negocial, garantindo simultaneamente a proteção dos credores e a eficácia dos contratos-promessa celebrados antes da declaração de insolvência.
The contract of promise of sale and purchase is a fundamental instrument in legal-economic transactions, establishing binding obligations between parties prior to the definitive transfer of property rights. However, when one of the contracting parties is declared insolvent, the legal consequences on the enforceability and validity of such agreements become complex and subject to specific legal provisions. This study aims to analyze the effects of insolvency on the contract of promise of sale and purchase, exploring its implications for creditors, contractual stability, and patrimonial security. The research adopts a doctrinal and jurisprudential approach, examining the legal framework laid down in the Código da Insolvência e da Recuperação de Empresas (CIRE) and its repercussions on contractual relations. The effects of insolvency are analysed according to whether the promissory purchaser is the holder of a promissory contract with merely binding effect or with real effect. In addition, the legal mechanisms available to protect creditors' interests are assessed. The findings suggest that, while the legal framework allows for differentiated solutions depending on the insolvency context, interpretative challenges remain regarding the reconciliation of insolvency rules with the protection of the non-insolvent party. Case law has played a crucial role in clarifying the criteria for maintaining or terminating the promissory contract, especially in cases where the prevalence of specific performance is debated against the guiding principles of insolvency proceedings. This study aims to contribute to the critical reflection on the current legal regime, proposing potential legislative adjustments that strengthen legal certainty and transactional predictability while ensuring creditor protection and the enforceability of promissory contracts executed prior to the declaration of insolvency.
The contract of promise of sale and purchase is a fundamental instrument in legal-economic transactions, establishing binding obligations between parties prior to the definitive transfer of property rights. However, when one of the contracting parties is declared insolvent, the legal consequences on the enforceability and validity of such agreements become complex and subject to specific legal provisions. This study aims to analyze the effects of insolvency on the contract of promise of sale and purchase, exploring its implications for creditors, contractual stability, and patrimonial security. The research adopts a doctrinal and jurisprudential approach, examining the legal framework laid down in the Código da Insolvência e da Recuperação de Empresas (CIRE) and its repercussions on contractual relations. The effects of insolvency are analysed according to whether the promissory purchaser is the holder of a promissory contract with merely binding effect or with real effect. In addition, the legal mechanisms available to protect creditors' interests are assessed. The findings suggest that, while the legal framework allows for differentiated solutions depending on the insolvency context, interpretative challenges remain regarding the reconciliation of insolvency rules with the protection of the non-insolvent party. Case law has played a crucial role in clarifying the criteria for maintaining or terminating the promissory contract, especially in cases where the prevalence of specific performance is debated against the guiding principles of insolvency proceedings. This study aims to contribute to the critical reflection on the current legal regime, proposing potential legislative adjustments that strengthen legal certainty and transactional predictability while ensuring creditor protection and the enforceability of promissory contracts executed prior to the declaration of insolvency.
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LAW, FINANCIAL LAW, INSOLVENCY, PURCHASE AGREEMENTS, EFFICACY, MESTRADO EM DIREITO, DIREITO, DIREITO FINANCEIRO, INSOLVÊNCIA, CONTRATOS DE COMPRA E VENDA, EFICÁCIA