A construção da democracia em Portugal : análise dos discursos presidenciais de Ramalho Eanes e Mário Soares
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2018
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A presente investigação tem como principal objetivo analisar a construção do
conceito de democracia nos discursos dos dois presidentes Portugueses, Ramalho
Eanes e Mário Soares, entre 1975 e 1996, correspondendo aos primórdios da IIIª
República, o qual marca a consolidação da democracia após o período de ditadura
autocrática de Salazar e Caetano, com duração de quase cinco décadas.
Incorporando o discurso político a história do local onde se inscreve, ele tem por
objetivo agir sobre a realidade social e neste sentido constitui um elemento central na
construção do conceito de democracia. O nosso corpora é composto por um conjunto
de vinte discursos presidenciais, enquadrando dois tipos: os proferidos à nação
em datas simbólicas e de significativa relevância histórica (Ano Novo, 25 de abril,
Dia de Portugal e Dia da Implantação da República) e os proferidos por ocasião
das Tomadas de Posse presidenciais.
A partir dos conteúdos transmitidos nos discursos presidenciais, pretendeu-se
compreender de que forma os dois Presidentes contribuíram, com as suas
especificidades próprias, para o consolidação do projecto democrático e união da
identidade nacional. Para esse efeito, recorreu-se a categorias, pensadas a partir dos
conceitos de democracia e poder.
O estudo do discurso político implica que se atenda quer à estratégia retórica, quer aos
temas principais abordados nos discursos de Ramalho Eanes e Mário Soares, de modo
a se entender de que modo as suas prioridades políticas convergiram e divergiram
neste período de consolidação democrática. Foram assim formuladas categorias
adicionais, contemplando estratégias da negação, inclusão (‘ingroup’ Vs. ‘outgroup’)
e da linguística mediante a análise dos verbos utilizados.
Recorreu-se à metodologia da análise de conteúdo com software de tratamento de
dados NVivo, como base para a nossa discussão e reflexão sobre os resultados
obtidos. É possível concluir, com base nos dados coligidos, que Ramalho Eanes
predomina na maioria das categorias e subcategorias, significando isto que ele
contribuiu de forma mais ativa para a construção e consolidação do conceito de
democracia em Portugal do que Mário Soares. Mário Soares tem essencialmente um tema principal de pano de fundo, o do processo de democratização: enaltece os órgãos
e instituições, o percurso e avanços alcançados para depois, mais tarde, vir a colocar
um conjunto de interrogações acerca do caminho que havia já sido percorrido.
Concluímos reforçando a ideia de que, apesar das suas particularidades próprias, tanto
Ramalho Eanes como Mário Soares contribuíram de modo significativo para um
determinado entendimento de democracia através dos seus discursos políticos
presidenciais, os quais são indissociáveis dos factores conjunturais que marcaram o
seu contexto espácio-temporal.
The present thesis aims to analyse the construction of the concept of democracy in the speeches of two Portuguese presidents, Ramalho Eanes and Mário Soares, between 1975 and 1996, a period corresponding to the initial stage of the 3rd Republic, marking the consolidation of democracy subsequently to the autocratic dictatorship of Salazar and Caetano, the latter lasting almost five decades. Because political discourse incorporates the history of the place in which it is inscribed, it aims to act upon social reality and, in this sense, constitutes an important element in the construction of the concept of democracy. Our analytic corpus is composed of a set of twenty presidential discourses, comprising two main typologies: those proffered to the Nation commemorating symbolic dates, indicative of significant historical relevance (New Year's, April 25, the Day of Portugal, the Day of the Implantation of the Republic) and those pronounced during presidential inaugural ceremonies. On the basis of contents transmitted in presidential speeches, we sought to understand the way in which the two presidents contributed, notwithstanding their own specificities, towards the consolidation of the democratic project and the unity of (Portuguese) national identity. To this effect, we defined categories in light of the concepts of democracy and power. The study of political discourse implies that we attend to rhetorical strategy as well as to main themes broached in the speeches of Ramalho Eanes and Mário Soares, so as to understand where their political priorities converged and diverged during the period of consolidation of democracy. Additional categories were thus formulated, contemplating strategies of negation, inclusion (ingroup Vs. outgroup) and linguistics, the latter through the analysis of verbs used. Content analysis was performed through a qualitative data software programme, NVivo, the results of which served as a basis for our discussion and reflection on the results obtained. The data collected allows us to conclude that Ramalho Eanes prevailed in the majority of the categories and subcategories, implying that he contributed more actively in the construction and consolidation of the concept of democracy in Portugal than Mário Soares. Mário Soares essentially elects a main theme, that of the process of democratisation, as backdrop to his speeches: he praises political bodies and institutions, the trajectories and progress achieved, only to later raise a set of questions over the path that had until then been travelled. We conclude emphasizing the idea that, despite the particularities of each president, both Ramalho Eanes and Mário Soares contributed significantly to a certain understanding of democracy through the exercise of their presidential speeches, the latter which cannot be separated from the conjunctural factors that marked their spatial and temporal context.
The present thesis aims to analyse the construction of the concept of democracy in the speeches of two Portuguese presidents, Ramalho Eanes and Mário Soares, between 1975 and 1996, a period corresponding to the initial stage of the 3rd Republic, marking the consolidation of democracy subsequently to the autocratic dictatorship of Salazar and Caetano, the latter lasting almost five decades. Because political discourse incorporates the history of the place in which it is inscribed, it aims to act upon social reality and, in this sense, constitutes an important element in the construction of the concept of democracy. Our analytic corpus is composed of a set of twenty presidential discourses, comprising two main typologies: those proffered to the Nation commemorating symbolic dates, indicative of significant historical relevance (New Year's, April 25, the Day of Portugal, the Day of the Implantation of the Republic) and those pronounced during presidential inaugural ceremonies. On the basis of contents transmitted in presidential speeches, we sought to understand the way in which the two presidents contributed, notwithstanding their own specificities, towards the consolidation of the democratic project and the unity of (Portuguese) national identity. To this effect, we defined categories in light of the concepts of democracy and power. The study of political discourse implies that we attend to rhetorical strategy as well as to main themes broached in the speeches of Ramalho Eanes and Mário Soares, so as to understand where their political priorities converged and diverged during the period of consolidation of democracy. Additional categories were thus formulated, contemplating strategies of negation, inclusion (ingroup Vs. outgroup) and linguistics, the latter through the analysis of verbs used. Content analysis was performed through a qualitative data software programme, NVivo, the results of which served as a basis for our discussion and reflection on the results obtained. The data collected allows us to conclude that Ramalho Eanes prevailed in the majority of the categories and subcategories, implying that he contributed more actively in the construction and consolidation of the concept of democracy in Portugal than Mário Soares. Mário Soares essentially elects a main theme, that of the process of democratisation, as backdrop to his speeches: he praises political bodies and institutions, the trajectories and progress achieved, only to later raise a set of questions over the path that had until then been travelled. We conclude emphasizing the idea that, despite the particularities of each president, both Ramalho Eanes and Mário Soares contributed significantly to a certain understanding of democracy through the exercise of their presidential speeches, the latter which cannot be separated from the conjunctural factors that marked their spatial and temporal context.
Descrição
Orientação : Cláudia Alvares
Palavras-chave
DOUTORAMENTO EM CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO, COMUNICAÇÃO, COMUNICAÇÃO POLÍTICA, DEMOCRACIA, DISCURSOS POLÍTICOS, PRESIDENTES DA REPÚBLICA, ANÁLISE DO DISCURSO, PORTUGAL, Portugal. Presidente da República, 1976-1986 (António Ramalho Eanes) , PORTUGAL. Presidente da República, 1986-1996 (Mário Soares), COMMUNICATION, POLITICAL COMMUNICATION, POLITICAL SPEECHES, PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, PORTUGAL, ANÁLISE DE CONTEÚDO, CONTENT ANALYSIS, DEMOCRACY