A problemática da excessiva proteção jurídica conferida à legítima no ordenamento jurídico atual
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2024
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O direito sucessório português assenta na proteção da família, bem como no reconhecimento da propriedade privada assente no princípio da livre transmissibilidade do património. No entanto, o direito à livre transmissibilidade do património encontra limites, sendo fortemente restringido pela proteção da família, mais concretamente pela sucessão legitimária e instituto da legítima. Há lugar à abertura da sucessão legitimária existindo pelo menos um herdeiro legitimário, variando a quota que lhe é atribuída a título de legítima, consoante haja um ou mais herdeiros legitimários. Nos termos da lei, os herdeiros legitimários são o cônjuge, os descendentes e os ascendentes, pela ordem e segundo as regras instituídas para a sucessão legítima. O património do de cujus encontra- se dividido de duas formas: uma parte do seu património pode ser disposta a favor de quem o de cujus entender, por via da sucessão testamentária ou por via da sucessão legítima, e a outra parte encontra-se obrigatoriamente reservada aos herdeiros legitimários. O principal objeto do nosso estudo centra-se na sucessão legitimária e na proteção da legítima, que, em nossa opinião, se revela excessivamente protegida, sendo o direito à livre transmissibilidade do património exageradamente limitado pela sucessão legitimária. Somos da opinião que a sucessão legitimária se encontra totalmente desadequada à sociedade, na medida em que não tem em conta fatores como a maior carência económica, a proximidade do autor da sucessão para com o herdeiro legitimário e o auxílio prestado ao autor da sucessão, o que origina situações de injustiça. Os fundamentos do regime sucessório português assentam na proteção da família, enquanto instituto fundamental da sociedade, e pelos estreitos vínculos existentes que existe entre os seus membros, e o princípio da propriedade privada, que garante a todos o direito à propriedade privada, bem como a sua transmissão tanto por vida, como por morte. Só existe propriedade privada, se houver lugar à sua transmissão. Acreditamos que o falecido deveria ter maior liberdade para dispor do seu património, já que é o seu legítimo proprietário e deve ter o direito de escolher quem os receberá, independentemente de serem familiares ou não. No nosso entender, não existe justificação para impedir o de cujus de distribuir os seus bens conforme pretender, já que o direito de propriedade privada é um direito constitucionalmente previsto, e a maioria da riqueza é constituída por bens fruto do trabalho.
Portuguese inheritance law is based on the protection of the family and the recognition of private property based on the principle of the free transfer of assets. However, the right to the free transfer of assets has its limits and is strongly restricted by the protection of the family, more specifically by the legitimate succession and the institute of legitimacy. Legitimate succession is opened when there is at least one legitimate heir, and the share attributed to the legitimate heir varies depending on whether there are one or more legitimate heirs. Under the terms of the law, the legitimate heirs are the spouse, the descendants, and the ascendants, in the order and according to the rules established for legitimate succession. The estate of the deceased is split in two ways: part of the estate can be disposed of in favour of whomever the deceased wishes, through testamentary succession or through legitimate succession, and the other part is obligatorily reserved for the legitimate heirs. The main object of our study is centred on the succession to the legitimate estate and the protection of the legitimate succession, which, in our opinion, is excessively protected, with the right to the free transfer of assets being exaggeratedly limited by the legitimate succession. We believe that the legitimate succession is totally out of step with the society, as it does not take into account factors such as the greater economic need, the proximity of the author of the succession to the legitimate heir and the help given to the author of the succession, which leads to situations of injustice. The bases of the Portuguese inheritance system are based on the protection of the family, as a fundamental institute of society, and the close ties that exist between its members, and the principle of private property, which guarantees everyone the right to private property, as well as its transmission both by life and by death. Private property only exists if it can be transferred. We believe that the deceased should have greater freedom to dispose of his assets, as he is their rightful owner and should have the right to choose who will receive them, regardless of whether they are family members or not. In our opinion, there is no justification for preventing the deceased from distributing his assets as he wishes, since the right to private property is a constitutional right, and most of the wealth is made up of assets that are the fruits of labour.
Portuguese inheritance law is based on the protection of the family and the recognition of private property based on the principle of the free transfer of assets. However, the right to the free transfer of assets has its limits and is strongly restricted by the protection of the family, more specifically by the legitimate succession and the institute of legitimacy. Legitimate succession is opened when there is at least one legitimate heir, and the share attributed to the legitimate heir varies depending on whether there are one or more legitimate heirs. Under the terms of the law, the legitimate heirs are the spouse, the descendants, and the ascendants, in the order and according to the rules established for legitimate succession. The estate of the deceased is split in two ways: part of the estate can be disposed of in favour of whomever the deceased wishes, through testamentary succession or through legitimate succession, and the other part is obligatorily reserved for the legitimate heirs. The main object of our study is centred on the succession to the legitimate estate and the protection of the legitimate succession, which, in our opinion, is excessively protected, with the right to the free transfer of assets being exaggeratedly limited by the legitimate succession. We believe that the legitimate succession is totally out of step with the society, as it does not take into account factors such as the greater economic need, the proximity of the author of the succession to the legitimate heir and the help given to the author of the succession, which leads to situations of injustice. The bases of the Portuguese inheritance system are based on the protection of the family, as a fundamental institute of society, and the close ties that exist between its members, and the principle of private property, which guarantees everyone the right to private property, as well as its transmission both by life and by death. Private property only exists if it can be transferred. We believe that the deceased should have greater freedom to dispose of his assets, as he is their rightful owner and should have the right to choose who will receive them, regardless of whether they are family members or not. In our opinion, there is no justification for preventing the deceased from distributing his assets as he wishes, since the right to private property is a constitutional right, and most of the wealth is made up of assets that are the fruits of labour.
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LAW, LAW OF SUCCESSION, PRIVATE PROPERTY, INHERITANCE, MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIAS JURÍDICO-CRIMINAIS, DIREITO, DIREITO DAS SUCESSÕES, PROPRIEDADE PRIVADA, HERANÇAS