Atividade física, comportamento sedentário, tipo de motivação e bem-estar em adeptos portugueses de futebol
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2022
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A presente dissertação teve como intuito perceber a eficácia que os programas de
promoção de atividade física para o género masculino e sedentário (tradicionalmente mais
resistente a intervenções de mudança comportamental) potencialmente têm. Para tal
foram desenvolvidos dois estudos. O estudo I teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento
da literatura existente sobre os efeitos dos programas de promoção de atividade física no
aumento da prática de atividade física (AF), fazendo uma atualização do artigo de Bottorff
et al. (2015), de forma a fazer uma atualização da evidência sobre os efeitos de programas
de promoção da atividade física direcionados a homens. O estudo II, tendo como base o
potencial motivacional que o clube de futebol pode ter para os seus adeptos, procurou: i)
analisar o impacto de um programa de promoção de estilos de vida ativos em adeptos de
futebol, sedentários, do género masculino, nas variáveis motivacionais, de atividade física
e vitalidade, no curto (pós-intervenção- 3 meses) e longo prazo (follow-up 12 meses); ii)
analisar o padrão de associações entre as variáveis em estudo.
Método: O estudo I consistiu numa revisão rápida e sistemática de literatura com base
em estudos experimentais e observacionais fazendo uma atualização do artigo de Bottorff
et al. (2015). A pesquisa, usando o modelo PICOS, foi realizada nas bases de dados
PubMed, visando estudos entre Setembro de 2014 e Março de 2021. O estudo II teve
como base a amostra Portuguesa do estudo europeu EuroFIT, um estudo Longitudinal
Randomizado Controlado, e visou analisar a atividade física, tipo de motivação e bem estar em adeptos de clubes de futebol portugueses. Foi analisado o impacto do programa
(no seu final- 3 meses e no longo prazo-12 meses, por via do teste T de student
comparando o grupo de intervenção e o do controlo. Foram também conduzidas análises
de correlação para analisar a associação entre as variáveis em estudo.
Resultados: Na revisão sistemática da literatura foram incluídos 8 artigos que cumpriram
os critérios de elegibilidade. Relativamente às amostras analisadas, os estudos foram
realizados com um total de 2425 participantes, com amostras variando entre 50 a 1113
indivíduos do género masculino e com uma média de idades compreendida entre os 18 e
65 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que os programas de promoção de atividade física
têm um impacto positivo nos indivíduos de género masculino no aumento de exercício
físico.
No estudo empírico, a amostra foi composta por 234 participantes, todos do
género masculino. A idade média dos participantes foi de 43,4 anos (±8,98), sendo a idade
mínima de 30 anos e a máxima de 65 anos. Os resultados obtidos, ainda que o programa
nos adeptos Portugueses só tenha produzido resultados no curto prazo e não no longo
prazo (o que pode ser explicado por questões relativas à implementação/atuação dos
treinadores - dado que o Grupo I, no final da intervenção tinha níveis de motivação
controlada superiores aos do grupo C, o que pode resultar de um estilo de treino
tradicionalmente mais controlador), os resultados da análise de associações estão, na
generalidade, em linha com a teoria que deu suporte ao estudo empírico: A Teoria da
Auto-Determinação (TAD). As variáveis motivacionais correlacionam-se entre si, e com
as as variáveis de AF e bem-estar conforme o padrão esperado pelo contínuo da auto determinação.
Conclusões: Os níveis crescentes de sedentarismo exigem intervenções inovadoras.
baseadas em evidências, e capazes de serem adequadas ao género, para captar o interesse
dos participantes. Serão necessários mais estudos para perceber como melhor treinar os
treinadores para implementarem realmente um clima de suporte à motivação autónoma.
Já que no caso português tal parece não ter acontecido. Não obstante este tipo de
motivação, mostrou, na análise de associações ser fundamental, sublinhando-se que uma
motivação mais autónoma está associada, a mais Atividade Física e bem-estar,
justificando assim um maior investimento nas investigações em programas de promoção
da saúde que incluam a Teoria da Auto-Determinação para a promoção da atividade física
para o desenvolvimento e inovação contínua de estratégias eficazes.
This dissertation focused on the understanding of the potential effectiveness that programs to promote physical activity for males and sedentary individuals, (traditionally more resistant to behavioral change interventions) may have. To this end, two studies were developed: i) Study aimed to survey the existing literature on the effects of programs to promote physical activity in increasing the practice of physical activity (PA), updating the article by Bottorff et al. (2015), in order to update the evidence on the effects of physical activity promotion programs targeted at men; ii) Study II, grounded on the motivational potential that the football clubs can have for its supporters, sought to: i) analyze the impact of a program to promote active lifestyles on male sedentary football supporters, in the motivational variables, physical activity and vitality, in the short (post-intervention - 3 months) and long term (follow-up 12 months); ii) analyze the pattern of associations between the variables under study. Method: Study I, consisted on a quick and systematic review of the literature based on experimental and observational studies updating the article by Bottorff et al. (2015). The research, using the PICOS model, was conducted in PubMed databases, targeting studies between September 2014 and March 2021. Study II, was based on the Portuguese sample of the European study EuroFIT, a Longitudinal Randomized Controlled study, and aimed to analyze physical activity, type of motivation and well-being in supporters of Portuguese football clubs. The impact of the program was analyzed (at the end - 3 months and at the long term - 12 months, trough t test comparing the intervention and control groups. Correlation analyzes were also carried out to analyze the association between the variables under study. Results: In the systematic literature review, 8 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included. Regarding the analyzed samples, the studies were carried out with a total of 2425 participants, with samples ranging from 50 to 1113 male individuals and with an average age between 18 and 65 years. The results showed that physical activity promotion programs have a positive impact on male individuals in terms of increasing physical exercise. The sample of the empirical study consisted of 234 male participants. The mean age of participants was 43.4 years (±8.98), with a minimum age of 30 years and a maximum of 65 years. Group comparison results pointed for the intervention as only producing results in in the short term, and not in the long term (and even so with an increase in controlled regulations). This can be explained by issues related to the implementation/performance of the coaches - given that Group I, at the end of the intervention, had levels of controlled motivation higher than those in group C, which may result from a traditionally more controlling style of training. Nonetheless, the results of the association analysis are, in general, in line with the theory that supported the empirical study: The Theory of Self Determination. The motivational variables are correlated with each other, and with the PA and well-being variables, according to the pattern expected by the self-determination continuum. Conclusions: The increasing levels of sedentary lifestyle require innovative interventions. Evidence-based, and capable of being gender-appropriate, to capture the interest of participants. More studies will be needed to understand how best to train coaches to really implement a climate of support for autonomous motivation. Since in the Portuguese case this does not seem to have happened. However, this type of motivation, it was shown in the analysis of associations to be essential, emphasizing that a more autonomous motivation is associated with more Physical Activity and well-being, thus justifying greater investment in research into health promotion programs that include the Self-Determination Theory for the promotion of physical activity for the development and continuous innovation of effective strategies.
This dissertation focused on the understanding of the potential effectiveness that programs to promote physical activity for males and sedentary individuals, (traditionally more resistant to behavioral change interventions) may have. To this end, two studies were developed: i) Study aimed to survey the existing literature on the effects of programs to promote physical activity in increasing the practice of physical activity (PA), updating the article by Bottorff et al. (2015), in order to update the evidence on the effects of physical activity promotion programs targeted at men; ii) Study II, grounded on the motivational potential that the football clubs can have for its supporters, sought to: i) analyze the impact of a program to promote active lifestyles on male sedentary football supporters, in the motivational variables, physical activity and vitality, in the short (post-intervention - 3 months) and long term (follow-up 12 months); ii) analyze the pattern of associations between the variables under study. Method: Study I, consisted on a quick and systematic review of the literature based on experimental and observational studies updating the article by Bottorff et al. (2015). The research, using the PICOS model, was conducted in PubMed databases, targeting studies between September 2014 and March 2021. Study II, was based on the Portuguese sample of the European study EuroFIT, a Longitudinal Randomized Controlled study, and aimed to analyze physical activity, type of motivation and well-being in supporters of Portuguese football clubs. The impact of the program was analyzed (at the end - 3 months and at the long term - 12 months, trough t test comparing the intervention and control groups. Correlation analyzes were also carried out to analyze the association between the variables under study. Results: In the systematic literature review, 8 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included. Regarding the analyzed samples, the studies were carried out with a total of 2425 participants, with samples ranging from 50 to 1113 male individuals and with an average age between 18 and 65 years. The results showed that physical activity promotion programs have a positive impact on male individuals in terms of increasing physical exercise. The sample of the empirical study consisted of 234 male participants. The mean age of participants was 43.4 years (±8.98), with a minimum age of 30 years and a maximum of 65 years. Group comparison results pointed for the intervention as only producing results in in the short term, and not in the long term (and even so with an increase in controlled regulations). This can be explained by issues related to the implementation/performance of the coaches - given that Group I, at the end of the intervention, had levels of controlled motivation higher than those in group C, which may result from a traditionally more controlling style of training. Nonetheless, the results of the association analysis are, in general, in line with the theory that supported the empirical study: The Theory of Self Determination. The motivational variables are correlated with each other, and with the PA and well-being variables, according to the pattern expected by the self-determination continuum. Conclusions: The increasing levels of sedentary lifestyle require innovative interventions. Evidence-based, and capable of being gender-appropriate, to capture the interest of participants. More studies will be needed to understand how best to train coaches to really implement a climate of support for autonomous motivation. Since in the Portuguese case this does not seem to have happened. However, this type of motivation, it was shown in the analysis of associations to be essential, emphasizing that a more autonomous motivation is associated with more Physical Activity and well-being, thus justifying greater investment in research into health promotion programs that include the Self-Determination Theory for the promotion of physical activity for the development and continuous innovation of effective strategies.
Descrição
Orientação: Marlene Nunes Silva
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM EXERCÍCIO E BEM-ESTAR, DESPORTO, ESTILOS DE VIDA, ATIVIDADE FÍSICA, SEDENTARISMO, HOMENS, MOTIVAÇÃO, TEORIA DA AUTODETERMINAÇÃO, SPORT, LIFESTYLES, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SEDENTARINESS, MEN, MOTIVATION, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY