Os partidos políticos e o recrutamento do pessoal dirigente em Portugal: o caso do PS e do PPD/PSD
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2012
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A Lei de Ferro dos partidos políticos, apresentada no início do século XX por Robert
Michels, assenta no princípio da emergência nos partidos de massas de uma
profissionalização dos seus dirigentes e quadros da qual resultou uma oligarquia que se
movimenta por um interesse específico e que capturou os mecanismos da sua própria eleição
e sucessão.
A consolidação desta classe dirigente, inamovível e manipuladora, segundo Michels,
poderá, hoje em dia, com a tendência para a transformação dos partidos de massas em
partidos catch all e posterior surgimento dos partidos cartel, constituir um dos fatores que
contribuem para a crise das democracias representativas numa sociedade marcada pelo acesso
global à informação, indutora junto dos cidadãos de vontade de partilha e participação nos
mecanismos de decisão pública.
Em Portugal, os dois principais partidos do poder, PPD/PSD e PS, poderão constituir
um exemplo desta progressiva evolução de partidos de massas, verificando-se, por
consequência, a consolidação no seu interior de diversas correntes de influência, a que
correspondem diferentes formas de funcionamento interno, enquadráveis nas diferentes
propostas tipológicas de partidos.
Compreender como se relacionam entre si, e se designadamente, no que respeita ao
processo de renovação e revezamento das lideranças nacionais, a Lei de Ferro dos partidos
políticos condiciona esse processo, é a questão de partida para a qual se procura obter uma
resposta. Em caso afirmativo, vai-se procurar apurar qual o padrão de revezamento que tem
predominado, tentando estabelecer qual o tipo interno de partido que tem prevalecido sobre os
restantes.
Uma outra questão que se procura investigar, tem a ver com a problemática das
eleições diretas internas nos dois partidos – método introduzido com o propósito de
aprofundar o debate e participação eleitoral interna – respondendo à questão de se saber se
estas eleições diretas, efetivamente corresponderam aos objetivos para que foram
introduzidas.
The Iron Law of political parties, presented at the beginning of 20th century by Robert Michels, based on the principle of the emergence of mass political parties, a professionalization of its leaders and cadres, resulting in an oligarchy, which is moved by specific interests with mechanisms centered on fostering their own election and succession. The consolidation of this ruling class, unmovable and manipulative, according to Michels may nowadays, with the tendency for the transformation of mass parties into catch all parties and the subsequent emergence of cartel parties, constitute one of the factors that contribute to the crisis of representative democracies in a society marked by global access to information inducing citizens who wish to share and participate in public decision-making mechanisms. In Portugal, the two main parties - PPD and PS - may be considered an example of this gradual evolution of mass parties, and therefore, show telling signs of consolidation of various chains of influence, which in turn, give rise to different forms of internal operations resulting in alternative proposals for different party types. To understand how these issues relate to each other, especially with regard to the renewal process and the changeover of national leaders and whether the Iron Law of political parties affects this process is the starting point for the question which this research seeks to answer. If indeed so, I will seek to determine the renewal procedure and changeover of power that has subsisted, trying to establish the type of internal party that has prevailed over the remaining ones. This research also approaches the issue of internal direct elections in both parties – a method introduced with the purpose of deepening the internal debate and electoral participation – and answers the question of whether these direct elections, actually are in line with the objectives for which they were introduced.
The Iron Law of political parties, presented at the beginning of 20th century by Robert Michels, based on the principle of the emergence of mass political parties, a professionalization of its leaders and cadres, resulting in an oligarchy, which is moved by specific interests with mechanisms centered on fostering their own election and succession. The consolidation of this ruling class, unmovable and manipulative, according to Michels may nowadays, with the tendency for the transformation of mass parties into catch all parties and the subsequent emergence of cartel parties, constitute one of the factors that contribute to the crisis of representative democracies in a society marked by global access to information inducing citizens who wish to share and participate in public decision-making mechanisms. In Portugal, the two main parties - PPD and PS - may be considered an example of this gradual evolution of mass parties, and therefore, show telling signs of consolidation of various chains of influence, which in turn, give rise to different forms of internal operations resulting in alternative proposals for different party types. To understand how these issues relate to each other, especially with regard to the renewal process and the changeover of national leaders and whether the Iron Law of political parties affects this process is the starting point for the question which this research seeks to answer. If indeed so, I will seek to determine the renewal procedure and changeover of power that has subsisted, trying to establish the type of internal party that has prevailed over the remaining ones. This research also approaches the issue of internal direct elections in both parties – a method introduced with the purpose of deepening the internal debate and electoral participation – and answers the question of whether these direct elections, actually are in line with the objectives for which they were introduced.
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Orientação : Fernando Alberto Pereira
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CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA, PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS, POLÍTICOS, PORTUGAL, PS, PSD, POLITICAL SCIENCE, POLITICAL PARTIES, POLITICIANS, PORTUGAL, PS, PSD, DOUTORAMENTO EM CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA