Modelo circumplexo de afeto: resposta afetiva e níveis de ativação em praticantes recreacionais de crossfit
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2020
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Objetivo. A resposta afetiva é um fator preditor da futura adesão à prática regular de exercício físico e faz parte das recomendações da prescrição avaliá-la juntamente com outras medidas fisiológicas (FC, RPE). Até agora, foi confirmado que as medidas unidimensionais mais comuns não refletem toda a gama de respostas afetivas ao exercício, porque os protocolos de medição contextuais não são capazes de apanhar e refletir as mudanças afetivas dinâmicas em resposta à intensidade do exercício, e apenas descrevem a alteração do início para o pós-exercício. Uma das medidas bidimensionais que se aplica durante o treino e consegue traçar a resposta afetiva no momento é o modelo circumplexo de afeto aplicado ao contexto de exercício físico. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a resposta na valência afetiva e ativação ao exercício físico no treino intervalado funcional de alta intensidade (CrossFit WOD) e examinar as mudanças no bem-estar e no domínio emocional com um projeto de pesquisa translacional, com interesse adicional nas diferenças inter-individuais e na representação da valência afetiva através do modelo circumplexo de afeto.
Método. Inicialmente, para analisar a evidência científica existente sobre aplicação do modelo circumplexo de afeto no âmbito de exercício físico foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de literatura com base nos estudos experimentais que analisaram a resposta afetiva e ativação nas populações de várias idades e no âmbito de diferentes protocolos de treino, sempre através do prisma do modelo circumplexo. Posteriormente foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional com uma amostra de 33 praticantes de CrossFit nas boxes de Grande Lisboa. A valência afetiva, ativação, bem-estar e domínio emocional foram avaliados através de questionários psicométricos e através do cardiofrequencímetro. Realizaram-se testes descritivos, testes-T e correlações de Pearson como parte da análise estatística.
Resultados. Na revisão sistemática da literatura foram incluídos 22 artigos de relevo. Todos os artigos utilizavam o modelo circumplexo de afeto como medidor da valência afetiva e ativação. Houve uma melhoria significativa na valência afetiva do pré ao pós-exercício, tal como um padrão consistente de diminuição do prazer ao se aproximar e superar o limiar anaeróbio. Os programas de exercício e exercícios aeróbios com intensidade auto-selecionada parecem promover ativação positiva em várias populações e faixas etárias, com o fenómeno presente da variabilidade interindividual. O treino de força e resistência muscular, de acordo com poucos estudos existentes, também parece promover os níveis de ativação mais altos durante o treino e uma resposta afetiva positiva pós-treino, tanto nos treinos com intensidade auto-selecionada, como com imposta (Focht, 2002). De acordo com Arent et al. (2005), a resposta afetiva é mais alta nas intensidades moderadas, ao contrário das intensidades baixas e altas. No estudo transversal observacional verificou-se que a resposta emocional teve diferenças significativas do início para o final do treino. Foram encontradas associações positivas entre as medições da Feeling Scale e o bem-estar final pós-treino, tal como ativação positiva. Não foram encontradas associações significativas da Felt Arousal Scale com o bem-estar final.
Objective. Affective response is an important predictor for future exercise practice adherence and measuring affect is included in the recommendations for exercise prescription, along with other physiological factors such as heart rate and the Rating of Perceived Exertion. Up until now, it has been confirmed that one-dimensional measures are not able to reflect the full spectrum of affective response to exercise, for the conventional measures do not catch the dynamic affective response to a training bout and only describe the differences between the states before and after the exercise. One of the two-dimensional measures that could be applied during exercise and is able to trace the affective response dynamically is the circumplex model of affect in exercise-related contexts. The aim of the present thesis was to analyze a dose-response of affective valence and activation during a CrossFit training program (WOD) and to study the changes in well-being and the emotional domain; the project is of a translational nature and focuses specifically on interindividual differences and the representation of affective valence mapped on the circumplex model of affect. Methods. Initially, to analyze existent scientific evidence on the application of the circumplex model of affect in exercise domain a systematic literature review was conducted, based on experimental studies that analyzed affective valence and activation on samples of different age groups and in various exercise regimens, always by the means of the circumplex model of affect. Secondly, an experimental study was conducted with a sample of 33 CrossFit exercisers in CrossFit boxes in Lisbon. Affective valence, activation, well-being, emotional domain and heart rate variability were analyzed via questionnaires and a heart rate monitor. Descriptive statistics, T-tests and Pearson correlation were conducted as part of statistics analyses. Results. In the systematic literature review 22 articles on the subject were included. All the studies used the circumplex model of affect as a measure of affective valence and activation. There was a significant improvement in affective valence comparing before and after the training bout, as well as a consistent pattern of decreasing pleasure approaching the anaerobic threshold. It seems that exercise programs and aerobic exercise with self-selected intensity promote positive activation in various populations and age groups, with a strong tendency for interindividual variability. Strength and resistance training, according to the few existing studies, also seems to promote the highest activation levels during training and a positive affective response post-training, both in training bouts with self-selected and imposed intensity (Focht, 2002). According to Arent et al. (2005), affective response is more positive at moderate intensities, in contrast to low and high intensities. The result of the experimental study did confirm that affective response was better when comparing before and after the training bout. Positive associations were found between Feeling Scale and the final well-being, as well as positive activation. No significant associations were found between Felt Arousal Scale measures and post training well-being.
Objective. Affective response is an important predictor for future exercise practice adherence and measuring affect is included in the recommendations for exercise prescription, along with other physiological factors such as heart rate and the Rating of Perceived Exertion. Up until now, it has been confirmed that one-dimensional measures are not able to reflect the full spectrum of affective response to exercise, for the conventional measures do not catch the dynamic affective response to a training bout and only describe the differences between the states before and after the exercise. One of the two-dimensional measures that could be applied during exercise and is able to trace the affective response dynamically is the circumplex model of affect in exercise-related contexts. The aim of the present thesis was to analyze a dose-response of affective valence and activation during a CrossFit training program (WOD) and to study the changes in well-being and the emotional domain; the project is of a translational nature and focuses specifically on interindividual differences and the representation of affective valence mapped on the circumplex model of affect. Methods. Initially, to analyze existent scientific evidence on the application of the circumplex model of affect in exercise domain a systematic literature review was conducted, based on experimental studies that analyzed affective valence and activation on samples of different age groups and in various exercise regimens, always by the means of the circumplex model of affect. Secondly, an experimental study was conducted with a sample of 33 CrossFit exercisers in CrossFit boxes in Lisbon. Affective valence, activation, well-being, emotional domain and heart rate variability were analyzed via questionnaires and a heart rate monitor. Descriptive statistics, T-tests and Pearson correlation were conducted as part of statistics analyses. Results. In the systematic literature review 22 articles on the subject were included. All the studies used the circumplex model of affect as a measure of affective valence and activation. There was a significant improvement in affective valence comparing before and after the training bout, as well as a consistent pattern of decreasing pleasure approaching the anaerobic threshold. It seems that exercise programs and aerobic exercise with self-selected intensity promote positive activation in various populations and age groups, with a strong tendency for interindividual variability. Strength and resistance training, according to the few existing studies, also seems to promote the highest activation levels during training and a positive affective response post-training, both in training bouts with self-selected and imposed intensity (Focht, 2002). According to Arent et al. (2005), affective response is more positive at moderate intensities, in contrast to low and high intensities. The result of the experimental study did confirm that affective response was better when comparing before and after the training bout. Positive associations were found between Feeling Scale and the final well-being, as well as positive activation. No significant associations were found between Felt Arousal Scale measures and post training well-being.
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Orientação: Diogo dos Santos Teixeira
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MESTRADO EM EXERCÍCIO E BEM-ESTAR, DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO, AFETIVIDADE, CROSSFIT, SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, PHYSICAL EXERCISE, AFFECTIVITY, CROSSFIT