Exploring cultural competence for non-indigenous journalists who work with and for indigenous peoples
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2024
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Nesta investigação averigua-se de que forma os conhecimentos e os valores Indígenas podem transformar as práticas e as estratégias dos jornalistas não-Indígenas para que estes possam representar melhor todos os povos, especialmente os povos das Primeiras Nações, através de uma abordagem culturalmente mais competente, inclusiva e responsável no âmbito do jornalismo de massas tradicional. Trata-se de uma investigação que proporcionou um ‘diálogo’ transformador e empoderador que une perspetivas, sentimentos, restrições e oportunidades de ‘dois mundos’ no jornalismo dominante ocidental que reporta sobre os Povos das Primeiras Nações. Fê-lo convidando jornalistas não-Indígenas e Indígenas (todos com experiência em reportagem sobre, com e para os Povos das Primeiras Nações na Austrália, no Brasil e no Canadá) a ouvirem profundamente, a refletirem sobre e a compreenderem as suas próprias culturas, opiniões, necessidades e formas de trabalhar bem como as dos outros. É um caso de Investigação-ação Participativa teoricamente informada pela Construção Social da Realidade com uma intenção construtiva e descolonizadora. Baseia-se nos protocolos Indígenas e no conceito cultural e espiritual Aborígene de Dadirri e é enquadrado pela Pedagogia do Desconforto. Metodologias de investigação não-Indígenas e Indígenas foram exploradas e combinadas, incluindo a tradicional entrevista ativa semiestruturada ocidental redefinida aqui como sessões individuais de Dadirri Yarning para coleta de dados. Esta metodologia combinada serve de motor a uma investigação sobre o desconforto dentro de uma narrativa emancipatória. Além disso, optou-se pelo método de Análise Narrativa Temática para organizar e apresentar os resultados de investigação. Este é o primeiro estudo a basear-se na Pedagogia do Desconforto aplicando-a aos Estudos do Jornalismo e aos Estudos Indígenas, envolvendo jornalistas Indígenas e não-Indígenas e combinando paradigmas culturais/teóricos/conceituais e metodologias de pesquisa Indígenas e não-Indígenas, navegando nessas complexidades interculturais em direção à descolonização e enriquecimento da competência cultural. Para além disso, acrescentando a minha própria experiência como investigadora e jornalista não-Indígena a algum material já existente na literatura, desenhei duas novas 'ferramentas' para apoiar os jornalistas não-Indígenas na tarefa árdua de aumentar a sua competência cultural Indígena: o Continuum de Competência Cultural no Jornalismo e a Lista de Estratégias e Práticas para Jornalismo Culturalmente Competente que Envolve Povos Indígenas. As conclusões desta investigação confirmam a hipótese central desta investigação: os jornalistas não-Indígenas precisam de desenvolver um quadro de competências culturais para trabalhar e reportar sobre os Povos Indígenas. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que a maioria dos jornalistas não-Indígenas são, de facto, culturalmente incompetentes, assim como os meios de comunicação social para os quais trabalham. Por isso mesmo, defendo que a formação em competência cultural deve ser incluída nos planos de estudos de jornalismo do Ensino Superior, desde o grau de licenciatura, assim como nos programas e cursos de formação profissional nesta área. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Estudos do Jornalismo, Estudos Indígenas, Competência Cultural, Jornalistas Indígenas e não-Indígenas, Pedagogia do Desconforto, Dadirri, Metodologias de investigação Indígenas
This PhD study explores how Indigenous knowledges and values can transform nonIndigenous journalists' practices and strategies to better represent all peoples, particularly First Nations Peoples, by creating a more culturally competent, inclusive, and responsive approach to mass communication. It promoted an empowering and transformative 'dialogue' that bridges two worlds' perspectives, feelings, constraints, and opportunities in western mainstream journalism that reports on First Nations Peoples. It did this by inviting non-Indigenous and Indigenous journalists (all experienced in reporting on First Nations Peoples in Australia, Brazil, and Canada) to listen deeply, reflect and understand their own and each other's cultures, opinions, needs and ways of working. It is a case of Participatory Action Research theoretically informed by the Social Construction of Reality with a constructive and decolonising intention. It is based on Indigenous protocols and the Aboriginal cultural and spiritual concept of Dadirri and is framed by the Pedagogy of Discomfort. Non-Indigenous and Indigenous research methodologies were explored and combined, including the traditional western semi-structured active interviewing redefined here as one-on-one Dadirri Yarning sessions for data collection. This research design proposes an inquiry into discomfort within an emancipatory narrative. Furthermore, the method of Thematic Narrative Analysis was chosen to organise and present the research findings. This is the first study to draw from the Pedagogy of Discomfort and apply it to Journalism and Indigenous Studies, involving Indigenous and non-Indigenous journalists and combining Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultural/theoretical/conceptual paradigms and research methodologies, navigating these intercultural complexities towards decolonising, and incrementing cultural competence. Furthermore, after complementing the existing material in the literature with my own lived experience as a researcher and journalist, two new 'tools' to support non-Indigenous journalists in overcoming the overwhelming task of increasing their Indigenous cultural competence were introduced in this thesis: the Journalism Continuum of Cultural Competence and the Checklist of Strategies and Practices for Culturally Competent Journalism Involving Indigenous Peoples. The findings of this research confirm my PhD thesis's core hypothesis: non-Indigenous journalists need to develop a cultural competence framework for working with and reporting on Indigenous Peoples. This study's results indicate that most non-Indigenous journalists are, in fact, culturally incompetent, as well as their mainstream journalism organisations. Therefore, I argue training in cultural competence must be included in journalism academic programs and courses from the university undergraduate level and professional training workshops. KEYWORDS: Journalism Studies, Indigenous Studies, Cultural Competence, Indigenous and non-Indigenous journalists, Pedagogy of Discomfort, Dadirri, Indigenous research methodologies
This PhD study explores how Indigenous knowledges and values can transform nonIndigenous journalists' practices and strategies to better represent all peoples, particularly First Nations Peoples, by creating a more culturally competent, inclusive, and responsive approach to mass communication. It promoted an empowering and transformative 'dialogue' that bridges two worlds' perspectives, feelings, constraints, and opportunities in western mainstream journalism that reports on First Nations Peoples. It did this by inviting non-Indigenous and Indigenous journalists (all experienced in reporting on First Nations Peoples in Australia, Brazil, and Canada) to listen deeply, reflect and understand their own and each other's cultures, opinions, needs and ways of working. It is a case of Participatory Action Research theoretically informed by the Social Construction of Reality with a constructive and decolonising intention. It is based on Indigenous protocols and the Aboriginal cultural and spiritual concept of Dadirri and is framed by the Pedagogy of Discomfort. Non-Indigenous and Indigenous research methodologies were explored and combined, including the traditional western semi-structured active interviewing redefined here as one-on-one Dadirri Yarning sessions for data collection. This research design proposes an inquiry into discomfort within an emancipatory narrative. Furthermore, the method of Thematic Narrative Analysis was chosen to organise and present the research findings. This is the first study to draw from the Pedagogy of Discomfort and apply it to Journalism and Indigenous Studies, involving Indigenous and non-Indigenous journalists and combining Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultural/theoretical/conceptual paradigms and research methodologies, navigating these intercultural complexities towards decolonising, and incrementing cultural competence. Furthermore, after complementing the existing material in the literature with my own lived experience as a researcher and journalist, two new 'tools' to support non-Indigenous journalists in overcoming the overwhelming task of increasing their Indigenous cultural competence were introduced in this thesis: the Journalism Continuum of Cultural Competence and the Checklist of Strategies and Practices for Culturally Competent Journalism Involving Indigenous Peoples. The findings of this research confirm my PhD thesis's core hypothesis: non-Indigenous journalists need to develop a cultural competence framework for working with and reporting on Indigenous Peoples. This study's results indicate that most non-Indigenous journalists are, in fact, culturally incompetent, as well as their mainstream journalism organisations. Therefore, I argue training in cultural competence must be included in journalism academic programs and courses from the university undergraduate level and professional training workshops. KEYWORDS: Journalism Studies, Indigenous Studies, Cultural Competence, Indigenous and non-Indigenous journalists, Pedagogy of Discomfort, Dadirri, Indigenous research methodologies
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JOURNALISM, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, CULTURAL COMPETENCES, DOUTORAMENTO EM CIÊNCIAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO, JORNALISMO, INDÍGENAS, COMPETÊNCIAS CULTURAIS, Doutoramento em Ciências da Comunicação