O efeito mediador da ruminação na associação entre culpa e sintomas de luto e trauma em enlutados
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2025
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O luto é uma resposta adaptativa a uma perda significativa, mas dependendo do tempo (mais de 12 meses), sintomatologia e impacto associado, pode desenvolver-se luto prolongado. Pode ter como fatores associados, a culpa, a vergonha, assuntos pendentes, trauma e ruminação. Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar o efeito mediador da ruminação na associação entre culpa/assuntos pendentes e sintomas de luto e trauma. O presente estudo é um estudo quantitativo e longitudinal. A amostra foi constituída por 141 participantes que tinham perdido uma pessoa significativa. Todos os participantes tinham nacionalidade portuguesa e predominantemente do sexo feminino (87,9%), com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 76 anos (M = 42,38; DP = 12,16). Relativamente aos resultados, foram examinadas as correlações entre culpa, assuntos pendentes, luto, ruminação e sintomas de PTSD, revelando associações significativas entre todas as variáveis. Quatro modelos de mediação foram testados, considerando a ruminação como mediadora. Nos Modelos 1 e 2, a culpa e os assuntos pendentes, respetivamente, mediação total. De forma semelhante, nos Modelos 3 e 4, tanto a culpa como os assuntos pendentes não tiveram efeitos diretos significativos sobre os sintomas de PTSD, mas mostraram efeitos indiretos significativos através da ruminação. Estes resultados sublinham o papel mediador central da ruminação na relação entre fatores emocionais e processos de luto e trauma. Este estudo contribui para a necessidade de uma compreensão alargada da sintomatologia de luto prolongado. O luto não se restringe à perda de entes queridos, podendo estar associado a outras mudanças significativas na vida. A mediação não traduz intensidade, mas sim, explica a relação entre duas variáveis.
Grief is an adaptive response to a significant loss. There is normal grief and pathological grief. What distinguishes them is the number of months covered. If it is longer than 6 months, it is considered prolonged grief. It can be associated with guilt, shame, unfinished business, trauma and rumination. This study aimed to discover the mediating effect of rumination, which is associated with depression or depressive symptoms, on the association between guilt and bereavement symptoms, such as sadness, anguish, longing, pain and crying. This is a longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 141 participants who had lost a significant person. All the participants were Portuguese and predominantly female (87.9%), aged between 18 and 76 (M = 42.38; SD = 12.16). Regarding the results, correlations between guilt, unfinished business, grief, rumination, and PTSD symptoms were examined, revealing significant associations among all variables. Four mediation models were tested, with rumination as a mediator. In Models 1 and 2, guilt and unfinished business, respectively, did not show significant direct effects on grief but had significant indirect effects mediated by rumination. Similarly, in Models 3 and 4, neither guilt nor unfinished business had significant direct effects on PTSD symptoms, yet both showed significant indirect effects through rumination. These findings highlight the central mediating role of rumination in the relationship between emotional factors and grief and trauma-related outcomes. This study contributes to the need for a broader understanding of the symptoms of prolonged bereavement. Grief is not restricted to the loss of loved ones, but can be associated with other significant life changes. Rumination ends up intensifying emotional pain, increasing the likelihood of complications such as depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms (Oliveira, 2021).
Grief is an adaptive response to a significant loss. There is normal grief and pathological grief. What distinguishes them is the number of months covered. If it is longer than 6 months, it is considered prolonged grief. It can be associated with guilt, shame, unfinished business, trauma and rumination. This study aimed to discover the mediating effect of rumination, which is associated with depression or depressive symptoms, on the association between guilt and bereavement symptoms, such as sadness, anguish, longing, pain and crying. This is a longitudinal study. The sample consisted of 141 participants who had lost a significant person. All the participants were Portuguese and predominantly female (87.9%), aged between 18 and 76 (M = 42.38; SD = 12.16). Regarding the results, correlations between guilt, unfinished business, grief, rumination, and PTSD symptoms were examined, revealing significant associations among all variables. Four mediation models were tested, with rumination as a mediator. In Models 1 and 2, guilt and unfinished business, respectively, did not show significant direct effects on grief but had significant indirect effects mediated by rumination. Similarly, in Models 3 and 4, neither guilt nor unfinished business had significant direct effects on PTSD symptoms, yet both showed significant indirect effects through rumination. These findings highlight the central mediating role of rumination in the relationship between emotional factors and grief and trauma-related outcomes. This study contributes to the need for a broader understanding of the symptoms of prolonged bereavement. Grief is not restricted to the loss of loved ones, but can be associated with other significant life changes. Rumination ends up intensifying emotional pain, increasing the likelihood of complications such as depression, anxiety and PTSD symptoms (Oliveira, 2021).
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PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, MOURNING, GUILT, COGNITIVE RUMINATION, SHAME, PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA, MESTRADO EM PSICOLOGIA CLÍNICA E DA SAÚDE, PSICOLOGIA, PSICOLOGIA CLÍNICA, PSICOLOGIA DA SAÚDE, LUTO, CULPA, RUMINAÇÃO MENTAL, VERGONHA, TRAUMAS PSICOLÓGICOS