Correlatos motivacionais dos vários aspetos da atividade física em indivíduos com sucesso na manutenção do peso perdido
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2022
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Esta dissertação é formada por dois capítulos, os quais pretendem contribuir para o
conhecimento científico no âmbito dos correlatos motivacionais dos vários aspetos da atividade
física (AF), em indivíduos a tentar/com sucesso na gestão do peso. O primeiro capítulo (Estudo
1) consiste numa revisão sistematizada da literatura com o objetivo de identificar e sintetizar os
estudos empíricos existentes sobre a relação entre fatores motivacionais e a AF em indivíduos
a tentar gerir o peso. O segundo capítulo (Estudo 2) diz respeito a um estudo de carácter
observacional transversal, que tem como principal objetivo analisar a associação entre a
motivação (geral e relacionada com a AF) e vários aspetos da prática de AF (frequência,
intensidade, duração e o dispêndio energético) em indivíduos com sucesso na manutenção do
peso perdido, e explorar o papel do sexo nestas associações.
De um modo geral, os resultados do Estudo 1 demonstram que regulações de ordem
mais autónoma estão associadas à prática de várias formas de AF em indivíduos a tentar gerir
o peso, em linha com estudos anteriores noutras populações e com o preconizado pela Teoria
da Autodeterminação (TAD). Os resultados do Estudo 2 confirmam esta tendência associativa
em indivíduos com sucesso na perda e manutenção do peso perdido a longo prazo; mais
especificamente, a motivação intrínseca, associou-se de forma positiva com os vários aspetos
da AF, revelando que quando aumenta o prazer e o desafio durante a prática de AF, os
indivíduos praticam mais AF, em termos de frequência e minutos, de maior intensidade, e
despendem mais energia neste comportamento. Por outro lado, em ambos os estudos, a
motivação externa associou-se de forma negativa com a prática de AF, nomeadamente os
minutos de prática de AF (no Estudo 2) e com o treino de alta intensidade neuromuscular do
tipo intervalado (no Estudo 1), indicando que quando a prática de AF tem como base este tipo
de regulação, os indivíduos tendem a praticar menos AF. A amotivação demonstrou associações
negativas com os vários aspetos da AF apenas no Estudo 2, revelando que indivíduos com
sucesso na manutenção do peso perdido, com ausência total de motivação para a prática de AF,
praticaram menos AF. Ainda no Estudo 2, verificou-se também que, nas mulheres, um perfil
motivacional autónomo se associou de forma positiva a mais aspetos da AF (intensidade,
duração, frequência e dispêndio energético) comparativamente com os homens (apenas o
dispêndio energético).
Em conjunto, os resultados desta dissertação sugerem que, tanto em indivíduos a tentar
gerir o peso como em indivíduos com sucesso na manutenção do peso perdido a longo prazo, é
importante considerar as regulações de ordem mais autónoma para a prática de AF, salientando
a necessidade e importância de se promover este tipo de regulações para a prática de AF em
intervenções do estilo de vida. Em contrapartida, parece também ser relevante ter em conta o
papel negativo das regulações de ordem mais controlada (i.e., motivação externa) ou da
ausência total de motivação para a prática de AF. Para além disso, em indivíduos com sucesso
na manutenção do peso perdido a longo prazo, verificou-se que estas associações não são
independentes do sexo, uma vez que os homens e as mulheres diferem no que respeita ao perfil
motivacional relacionado com os aspetos da prática de AF, sugerindo a necessidade de
abordagens diferenciadas de acordo com as características dos indivíduos.
This dissertation consists of two chapters, both aiming to contribute to the scientific knowledge in the context of the motivational correlates of the various aspects of physical activity (PA), in individuals trying to manage weight/successfully maintaining weight loss in the long term. The first chapter (Study 1) consists of a systematized review of the literature with the aim of identifying and synthesizing existing empirical studies on the relationship between motivational factors and PA in individuals trying to manage weight. The second chapter (Study 2) is a cross-sectional observational study, with the main goal of analyzing the association between motivation (general and PA-related) and various aspects of PA (frequency, intensity, duration and energy expenditure) in successful weight loss maintainers, as well as to explore the role of sex in these associations. In general, the results of Study 1 demonstrate that more autonomous regulations are associated with various forms of PA in individuals trying to manage their weight, in line with previous studies in other populations and as advocated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The results of Study 2 confirm this associative trend in successful long-term weight loss maintainers; more specifically, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with the various aspects of PA revealing that when pleasure and challenge increase during PA, individuals tend to practice more PA in terms of frequency and minutes, with greater intensity, and expend more energy during this behavior. However, in both studies external motivation was negatively associated with PA practice, specifically with the minutes of PA practice (in Study 2) and with high-intensity interval neuromuscular training (in Study 1), indicating that when they practice PA based on external contingencies, they tend to practice less PA. Amotivation showed negative associations with the various aspects of PA only in Study 2, revealing that individuals who successfully maintained their weight loss and had no motivation to practice PA, practiced less PA. In Study 2, it was also found that, in women, an autonomous motivational profile was associated with more aspects of PA (intensity, duration, frequency and energy expenditure) than in men (only energy expenditure). Together, results of this diseertation suggest that for both, individuals trying to manage their weight and successful long-term weight loss maintainers, it is important to consider more autonomous regulations for PA, highlighting the need and importance of promoting this type of regulations for PA engagement in lifestyle behavioral interventions. Conversely, it seems also relevant to consider the negative role of more controlled regulations (i.e., externalThis dissertation consists of two chapters, both aiming to contribute to the scientific knowledge in the context of the motivational correlates of the various aspects of physical activity (PA), in individuals trying to manage weight/successfully maintaining weight loss in the long term. The first chapter (Study 1) consists of a systematized review of the literature with the aim of identifying and synthesizing existing empirical studies on the relationship between motivational factors and PA in individuals trying to manage weight. The second chapter (Study 2) is a cross-sectional observational study, with the main goal of analyzing the association between motivation (general and PA-related) and various aspects of PA (frequency, intensity, duration and energy expenditure) in successful weight loss maintainers, as well as to explore the role of sex in these associations. In general, the results of Study 1 demonstrate that more autonomous regulations are associated with various forms of PA in individuals trying to manage their weight, in line with previous studies in other populations and as advocated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The results of Study 2 confirm this associative trend in successful long-term weight loss maintainers; more specifically, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with the various aspects of PA revealing that when pleasure and challenge increase during PA, individuals tend to practice more PA in terms of frequency and minutes, with greater intensity, and expend more energy during this behavior. However, in both studies external motivation was negatively associated with PA practice, specifically with the minutes of PA practice (in Study 2) and with high-intensity interval neuromuscular training (in Study 1), indicating that when they practice PA based on external contingencies, they tend to practice less PA. Amotivation showed negative associations with the various aspects of PA only in Study 2, revealing that individuals who successfully maintained their weight loss and had no motivation to practice PA, practiced less PA. In Study 2, it was also found that, in women, an autonomous motivational profile was associated with more aspects of PA (intensity, duration, frequency and energy expenditure) than in men (only energy expenditure). Together, results of this dissertation suggest that for both, individuals trying to manage their weight and successful long-term weight loss maintainers, it is important to consider more autonomous regulations for PA, highlighting the need and importance of promoting this type of regulations for PA engagement in lifestyle behavioral interventions. Conversely, it seems also relevant to consider the negative role of more controlled regulations (i.e., external motivation), or the total lack of motivation for PA. Furthermore, in successful long-term weight loss maintainers, these associations were not found to be independent of sex since men and women differ in terms of the motivational profile related to the various aspects of PA, suggesting the need for different approaches considering individuals’ characteristics.
This dissertation consists of two chapters, both aiming to contribute to the scientific knowledge in the context of the motivational correlates of the various aspects of physical activity (PA), in individuals trying to manage weight/successfully maintaining weight loss in the long term. The first chapter (Study 1) consists of a systematized review of the literature with the aim of identifying and synthesizing existing empirical studies on the relationship between motivational factors and PA in individuals trying to manage weight. The second chapter (Study 2) is a cross-sectional observational study, with the main goal of analyzing the association between motivation (general and PA-related) and various aspects of PA (frequency, intensity, duration and energy expenditure) in successful weight loss maintainers, as well as to explore the role of sex in these associations. In general, the results of Study 1 demonstrate that more autonomous regulations are associated with various forms of PA in individuals trying to manage their weight, in line with previous studies in other populations and as advocated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The results of Study 2 confirm this associative trend in successful long-term weight loss maintainers; more specifically, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with the various aspects of PA revealing that when pleasure and challenge increase during PA, individuals tend to practice more PA in terms of frequency and minutes, with greater intensity, and expend more energy during this behavior. However, in both studies external motivation was negatively associated with PA practice, specifically with the minutes of PA practice (in Study 2) and with high-intensity interval neuromuscular training (in Study 1), indicating that when they practice PA based on external contingencies, they tend to practice less PA. Amotivation showed negative associations with the various aspects of PA only in Study 2, revealing that individuals who successfully maintained their weight loss and had no motivation to practice PA, practiced less PA. In Study 2, it was also found that, in women, an autonomous motivational profile was associated with more aspects of PA (intensity, duration, frequency and energy expenditure) than in men (only energy expenditure). Together, results of this diseertation suggest that for both, individuals trying to manage their weight and successful long-term weight loss maintainers, it is important to consider more autonomous regulations for PA, highlighting the need and importance of promoting this type of regulations for PA engagement in lifestyle behavioral interventions. Conversely, it seems also relevant to consider the negative role of more controlled regulations (i.e., externalThis dissertation consists of two chapters, both aiming to contribute to the scientific knowledge in the context of the motivational correlates of the various aspects of physical activity (PA), in individuals trying to manage weight/successfully maintaining weight loss in the long term. The first chapter (Study 1) consists of a systematized review of the literature with the aim of identifying and synthesizing existing empirical studies on the relationship between motivational factors and PA in individuals trying to manage weight. The second chapter (Study 2) is a cross-sectional observational study, with the main goal of analyzing the association between motivation (general and PA-related) and various aspects of PA (frequency, intensity, duration and energy expenditure) in successful weight loss maintainers, as well as to explore the role of sex in these associations. In general, the results of Study 1 demonstrate that more autonomous regulations are associated with various forms of PA in individuals trying to manage their weight, in line with previous studies in other populations and as advocated by Self-Determination Theory (SDT). The results of Study 2 confirm this associative trend in successful long-term weight loss maintainers; more specifically, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with the various aspects of PA revealing that when pleasure and challenge increase during PA, individuals tend to practice more PA in terms of frequency and minutes, with greater intensity, and expend more energy during this behavior. However, in both studies external motivation was negatively associated with PA practice, specifically with the minutes of PA practice (in Study 2) and with high-intensity interval neuromuscular training (in Study 1), indicating that when they practice PA based on external contingencies, they tend to practice less PA. Amotivation showed negative associations with the various aspects of PA only in Study 2, revealing that individuals who successfully maintained their weight loss and had no motivation to practice PA, practiced less PA. In Study 2, it was also found that, in women, an autonomous motivational profile was associated with more aspects of PA (intensity, duration, frequency and energy expenditure) than in men (only energy expenditure). Together, results of this dissertation suggest that for both, individuals trying to manage their weight and successful long-term weight loss maintainers, it is important to consider more autonomous regulations for PA, highlighting the need and importance of promoting this type of regulations for PA engagement in lifestyle behavioral interventions. Conversely, it seems also relevant to consider the negative role of more controlled regulations (i.e., external motivation), or the total lack of motivation for PA. Furthermore, in successful long-term weight loss maintainers, these associations were not found to be independent of sex since men and women differ in terms of the motivational profile related to the various aspects of PA, suggesting the need for different approaches considering individuals’ characteristics.
Descrição
Orientação: Inês Chaparro Roque dos Santos
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM EXERCÍCIO E BEM-ESTAR, ATIVIDADE FÍSICA, BEM-ESTAR, MOTIVAÇÃO, TEORIA DA AUTODETERMINAÇÃO, GESTÃO DO PESO, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, WELL-BEING, MOTIVATION, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY, WEIGHT MANAGEMENT