Inclusão excludente : insucesso escolar no corredor da estrada de ferro Carajás no Estado do Maranhão-Brasil
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O problema do fracasso escolar no contexto educacional brasileiro e maranhense, segundo demonstram as pesquisas, se apresenta como uma questão antiga, porém como um problema novo e de graves repercussões socioeducacionais, representando um inquestionável convite à pesquisa educacional. Em face de tal realidade, este estudo tem por objetivo desvelar as explicações para o fracasso escolar no sistema público de ensino fundamental, baseado na visão de mundo dos Dirigentes Municipais de Educação (DMEs) dos municípios maranhenses localizados no corredor logístico da Estrada de Ferro Carajás. A investigação parte da constatação de que o fracasso escolar está diretamente relacionado a um tipo determinado de escola destinado aos segmentos populares, razão pela qual se busca problematizar as elevadas taxas de aprovação entre os alunos do ensino fundamental em contraposição à baixíssima proporção de aprendizado adequado dos componentes curriculares fundamentais observada nas avaliações nacionais; as taxas de distorção ano-idade, que se elevam progressivamente no percurso dos nove anos do ensino fundamental, agravando-se nos anos finais; os nexos entre as condições socioeconômicas e a incidência dessa problemática no locus da investigação, permitindo-se refletir sobre a contradição entre a oferta e a negação do conhecimento socialmente legitimado, que deveria ser destinado aos segmentos populares, e as formas recentes de seletividade manifestas sob a forma de fracasso escolar. Teoricamente este é um estudo situado na área de conhecimento da sociologia da educação, inspirado no pensamento dialético, na concreticidade do real, por entender que o fracasso escolar, por ser construção social, é um fenômeno engendrado por um sistema de ensino, cujas assimetrias devem ser buscadas nas contradições próprias da sociedade capitalista, com base na teoria do sistema-mundo. Do ponto de vista metodológico, trata-se de um estudo exploratório e de abordagem qualiquantitativa, no qual se utilizou dados estatísticos decorrentes dos processos avaliativos nacionais, de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além da entrevista semiestruturada como instrumento para obtenção de relatos/discursos dos Dirigentes Municipais de Educação, cujas interpretações estão ancoradas nas contribuições da análise de conteúdo integradas à análise crítica do discurso, apontando-se à guisa de conclusão, o insucesso escolar sob três dimensões: a sociológica, a pedagógica e epistemológica.
The problem of school failure in the educational context of Brazil and Maranhão, according to researches, is presented as an old issue, but as a new problem with serious socio-educational repercussions, representing an unquestionable invitation to educational research. Accordingly, this study aims at revealing the explanations for school failure in the public elementary education system, based on the worldview of the Municipal Education Directors (MEDs) of the Maranhão municipalities located in the logistical corridor of the Carajás Railroad. The investigation starts from the observation that school failure is a phenomenon strongly related to a certain type of school aimed at the popular segments, and this is why it seeks to problematize the high approval rates among elementary school students in opposition to the very low proportion of learning adequately the fundamental curricular components observed in the national assessments; year-age distortion rates, which rise progressively over the course of the nine years of elementary school, getting worse in the final years; the links between socioeconomic conditions and the incidence of this problem in the locus of investigation, allowing reflection on the contradiction between the offer and the denial of socially legitimated knowledge, which should be destined to the popular segments, and the recent forms of selectivity manifested in the form of school failure. Theoretically, this study is situated within the field of the sociology of education and is informed by dialectical thought and the concreteness of reality. It is grounded in the understanding that school failure, as a social construct, is a phenomenon shaped by the educational system—whose asymmetries must be examined through the contradictions inherent in capitalist society, drawing on the world-systems theory. From a methodological standpoint, this is an exploratory study employing a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach. It incorporates statistical data derived from national assessment processes, as well as bibliographic and documentary research. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather narratives and discourses from Municipal Education Leaders. The analysis of these narratives is anchored in content analysis, integrated with critical discourse analysis. As a conclusion, the study identifies school failure through three key dimensions: sociological, pedagogical, and epistemological.
The problem of school failure in the educational context of Brazil and Maranhão, according to researches, is presented as an old issue, but as a new problem with serious socio-educational repercussions, representing an unquestionable invitation to educational research. Accordingly, this study aims at revealing the explanations for school failure in the public elementary education system, based on the worldview of the Municipal Education Directors (MEDs) of the Maranhão municipalities located in the logistical corridor of the Carajás Railroad. The investigation starts from the observation that school failure is a phenomenon strongly related to a certain type of school aimed at the popular segments, and this is why it seeks to problematize the high approval rates among elementary school students in opposition to the very low proportion of learning adequately the fundamental curricular components observed in the national assessments; year-age distortion rates, which rise progressively over the course of the nine years of elementary school, getting worse in the final years; the links between socioeconomic conditions and the incidence of this problem in the locus of investigation, allowing reflection on the contradiction between the offer and the denial of socially legitimated knowledge, which should be destined to the popular segments, and the recent forms of selectivity manifested in the form of school failure. Theoretically, this study is situated within the field of the sociology of education and is informed by dialectical thought and the concreteness of reality. It is grounded in the understanding that school failure, as a social construct, is a phenomenon shaped by the educational system—whose asymmetries must be examined through the contradictions inherent in capitalist society, drawing on the world-systems theory. From a methodological standpoint, this is an exploratory study employing a mixed-methods (qualitative and quantitative) approach. It incorporates statistical data derived from national assessment processes, as well as bibliographic and documentary research. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather narratives and discourses from Municipal Education Leaders. The analysis of these narratives is anchored in content analysis, integrated with critical discourse analysis. As a conclusion, the study identifies school failure through three key dimensions: sociological, pedagogical, and epistemological.
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EDUCATION, SCHOOLS, TEACHING, LITERACY, LEARNING, EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT, STUDENT ASSESSMENT, EDUCATIONAL POLICY, DROPPING OUT, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, SCHOOL EXCLUSION, EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT, SCHOOL FAILURE, SCHOOL INTEGRATION, HEADMASTERS, BRAZIL, DOUTORAMENTO EM EDUCAÇÃO, EDUCAÇÃO, ESCOLAS, ENSINO, LITERACIA, APRENDIZAGEM, AVALIAÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO, AVALIAÇÃO DAS APRENDIZAGENS, POLÍTICA EDUCATIVA, ABANDONO ESCOLAR, APROVEITAMENTO ESCOLAR, ASSIDUIDADE DE ESCOLA, EXCLUSÃO ESCOLAR, GESTÃO ESCOLAR, INSUCESSO ESCOLAR, INTEGRAÇÃO ESCOLAR, DIRETORES DE ESCOLA, BRASIL