Resposta afetiva e treino com resistência : uma exploração baseada em pressupostos hedónicos
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2022
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Objectivo. O treino resistente (TR) providência inúmeros benefícios para a saúde e
como tal é relevante para a saúde publica. No entanto, os principais locais de prática
continuam a sofrer altas taxas de desistência, e os dados relativos à prática de
exercício numa parte significativa da população mundial mostra que a maioria das
pessoas leva uma vida com elevado comportamento sedentário, tornando o
desenvolvimento de estratégias para a manutenção da prática de exercício de extrema
importância. Uma abordagem para este problema poderá assentar na resposta afetiva
ao exercício. Baseada em princípios hedónicos, a evidência sugere que o ser humano
tende a desempenhar atividades que considera prazerosas enquanto evita a dor e o
desprazer. Nesta abordagem, a Feeling Scale (FS) e a Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) têm
sido extensivamente utilizadas na literatura para medir a dinâmica afetiva de uma
sessão de treino. No entanto, a literatura atual sobre a resposta afetiva ao TR é ainda
preliminar, com mais investigação a ser necessária para esclarecer questões
metodológicas na sua medição e em como promover programas de TR mais
prazerosos e sustentados no tempo. Como tal, o objectivo desta dissertação de
mestrado consistiu em explorar a relação da resposta afetiva em dinâmicas de TR,
particularmente num dos seus contextos ecológicos mais frequentes, os ginásios e
health clubs.
Método. De modo a cumprir este objectivo, foram realizados dois estudos: uma
revisão sistemática da literatura e um estudo quasi-experimental. Na revisão, uma
pesquisa da literatura foi realizada com o objectivo de analisar como a FS e/ou a FAS
têm sido aplicadas na medição e aferição da resposta afetiva no TR. A sua
viabilidade, timing de aplicação, e implicações para a medição da resposta afetiva
foram o foco desta análise, permitindo apresentar recomendações para a sua aplicação
tanto em situações de vida real como em investigações futuras. No segundo estudo,
um programa de TR foi desenvolvido e aplicado a praticantes de exercício, com um
desenho quasi-experimental, com o objectivo de: (1) explorar a dinâmica da resposta
afetiva através da sua contínua avaliação depois da última série de cada exercício,
prescrito até à falha muscular; e (2) analisar possíveis diferenças entre perfis de
preferência e tolerância da intensidade em variáveis afetivas (core affect e
divertimento). Para esse efeito, um total de 43 participantes foram recrutados em dois
health clubs na zona de Lisboa. Estatística descritiva, análises correlacionais e
ANOVAS de medidas repetidas, assim como vários testes não paramétricos, foram
realizadas para testagem das hipóteses em estudo.
Resultados. Após uma meticulosa pesquisa em três diferentes bases de dados, um
total de 26 estudos foram incluídos e qualitativamente analisados na revisão
sistemática. Os resultados indicam que ambas as escalas foram eficazes na medição
do core affect dentro de uma ampla variedade de intensidades, idades, equipamentos e
em ambos os géneros. No entanto, problemas metodológicos, falta de parametrização
e uma heterogeneidade geral nos protocolos aplicados foi detetada na maioria dos
estudos, podendo assim enviesar resultados e limitar a sua interpretação. O segundo
estudo demonstrou que a aplicação da FS/FAS imediatamente após uma série
representa uma abordagem viável e ecologicamente valida de medir o core affect. Em
praticantes regulares de exercício, uma única medição numa sessão de TR parece ser
suficiente para compreender a sua resposta afetiva, salvaguardando-se vários casos
onde mais medições poderão permitir uma interpretação mais detalhada. Foi possível
ainda verificar que indivíduos com perfis de preferência e tolerância diferentes
apresentaram respostas afetivas distintas. Em geral, perfis mais elevados nestasvariáveis apresentavam respostas afetivas mais positivas, suportando as hipóteses
previamente definidas.
Conclusão. De forma geral, a FS e a FAS são escalas viáveis e úteis na medição da
resposta afetiva no TR, disponibilizando informação mais rica e detalhada quando
cruzadas no modelo circumplexo de afetos. Adicionalmente, uma medição
imediatamente após uma série parece ser uma abordagem viável e ecologicamente
válida de medir o core affect.
Purpose. Resistance training (RT) provides many health benefits and, as such, it is of relevance for public health. However, like other forms of exercise, RT suffers from high dropout rates, making the development of effective exercise adherence strategies paramount. One approach to this problem relies on the affective response to exercise. Grounded in hedonic principles, evidence suggests people tend to perform activities they consider pleasurable while simultaneously avoiding pain and displeasure. In this approach, the Feeling Scale (FS) and the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) have been extensively used in the literature to assess the affective dynamics of an exercise session. However, the literature on the affective response for RT is still preliminary with further investigation being paramount to clarify methodological issues on its measurement and to better understand how to promote more pleasurable and sustained RT programs As such, the objective of this masters’ dissertation is to explore the affective response in RT dynamics, particularly in one of its most common ecological settings, gyms and health clubs. Method. In order to accomplish this objective, two studies were conducted: a systematic review of the literature and a quasi-experimental study. In the review, a literature search was conducted with the purpose of analyzing how the FS and/or the FAS have been applied for affective response measurement in RT. The feasibility, timing of application, and implications for the measurement of affective response in RT were the focal points of this analysis, with the objective of presenting recommendations for real-life application and future research alike. In the second study, a RT program was developed and applied to recreational exercisers in a quasi experimental design aiming to: (1) explore the affective response dynamic through a continuous assessment after the last set of each exercise, prescribed to muscle failure; and (2) analyze possible differences of preference and tolerance profiles in affective variables (core affect and enjoyment). A total of 43 participants were recruited in two health clubs in Lisbon. Descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, repeated measures ANOVA, and several non-parametric tests were conducted for all studied variables. Additionally, further statistical analyses were conducted to test the study’s hypothesis. Results. After a meticulous search in three different databases, a total of 26 studies were included and qualitatively analyzed in the systematic review. Results indicate that both scales were able to detect core affect within a wide array of intensities, ages, equipment, and in both genders. However, methodological issues, lack of parameterization, and protocols heterogeneity were detected in the majority of the studies, which could bias some results and limit interpretation. The second study showed that applying the FS/FAS immediately after a set represents a feasible and ecologically valid approach to tap core affect. In recreationally trained exercisers, a single measurement appears to be enough to assess the affective response, but with various scenarios existing where further measurements can potentially allow for a more rich interpretation. Results also suggest that individuals with different profiles of preference and tolerance present distinct affective responses. In general higher profiles for these variables present more positive affective responses, thus supporting the study’s hypothesis. Conclusion. Overall the FS/FAS are feasible and useful in assessing affective response in RT, providing a more fine-grained differentiation of different affective states when used to plot the circumplex model of affect. Furthermore, a measurement immediately after the final set in each RT exercise represents a feasible and ecologically valid approach to tap core.
Purpose. Resistance training (RT) provides many health benefits and, as such, it is of relevance for public health. However, like other forms of exercise, RT suffers from high dropout rates, making the development of effective exercise adherence strategies paramount. One approach to this problem relies on the affective response to exercise. Grounded in hedonic principles, evidence suggests people tend to perform activities they consider pleasurable while simultaneously avoiding pain and displeasure. In this approach, the Feeling Scale (FS) and the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) have been extensively used in the literature to assess the affective dynamics of an exercise session. However, the literature on the affective response for RT is still preliminary with further investigation being paramount to clarify methodological issues on its measurement and to better understand how to promote more pleasurable and sustained RT programs As such, the objective of this masters’ dissertation is to explore the affective response in RT dynamics, particularly in one of its most common ecological settings, gyms and health clubs. Method. In order to accomplish this objective, two studies were conducted: a systematic review of the literature and a quasi-experimental study. In the review, a literature search was conducted with the purpose of analyzing how the FS and/or the FAS have been applied for affective response measurement in RT. The feasibility, timing of application, and implications for the measurement of affective response in RT were the focal points of this analysis, with the objective of presenting recommendations for real-life application and future research alike. In the second study, a RT program was developed and applied to recreational exercisers in a quasi experimental design aiming to: (1) explore the affective response dynamic through a continuous assessment after the last set of each exercise, prescribed to muscle failure; and (2) analyze possible differences of preference and tolerance profiles in affective variables (core affect and enjoyment). A total of 43 participants were recruited in two health clubs in Lisbon. Descriptive statistics, correlational analyses, repeated measures ANOVA, and several non-parametric tests were conducted for all studied variables. Additionally, further statistical analyses were conducted to test the study’s hypothesis. Results. After a meticulous search in three different databases, a total of 26 studies were included and qualitatively analyzed in the systematic review. Results indicate that both scales were able to detect core affect within a wide array of intensities, ages, equipment, and in both genders. However, methodological issues, lack of parameterization, and protocols heterogeneity were detected in the majority of the studies, which could bias some results and limit interpretation. The second study showed that applying the FS/FAS immediately after a set represents a feasible and ecologically valid approach to tap core affect. In recreationally trained exercisers, a single measurement appears to be enough to assess the affective response, but with various scenarios existing where further measurements can potentially allow for a more rich interpretation. Results also suggest that individuals with different profiles of preference and tolerance present distinct affective responses. In general higher profiles for these variables present more positive affective responses, thus supporting the study’s hypothesis. Conclusion. Overall the FS/FAS are feasible and useful in assessing affective response in RT, providing a more fine-grained differentiation of different affective states when used to plot the circumplex model of affect. Furthermore, a measurement immediately after the final set in each RT exercise represents a feasible and ecologically valid approach to tap core.
Descrição
Orientação: Diogo dos Santos Teixeira
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM EXERCÍCIO E BEM-ESTAR, BEM-ESTAR, ATIVIDADE FÍSICA, EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO, NUTRIÇÃO, SAÚDE, TREINO DA RESISTÊNCIA, AFETIVIDADE, WELL-BEING, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, PHYSICAL EXERCISE, NUTRITION, NDURANCE TRAINING, AFFECTIVITY