Urgências respiratórias em psitacídeos: revisão da literatura e descrição de 4 casos clínicos
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2023
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Pretendeu-se, com o presente trabalho, instruir conhecimentos na área das urgências e cuidados intensivos em psitacídeos com quadro clínico respiratório, com o auxílio da revisão bibliográfica, remetendo de forma rigorosa o máximo possível de informação pormenorizada, de forma a incidir e comparar com quatro casos clínicos assistidos e apresentados. Foram abordados os conceitos anátomo-fisiológicos específicos da ventilação e respiração das aves, as possíveis e mais comuns etiologias de doenças associadas aos sinais clínicos respiratórios na prática clínica, os procedimentos desde a admissão da ave na clínica, incluindo a triagem, anamnese, o exame físico e a importância da estabilização no decurso da urgência, antes da realização de qualquer exame de diagnóstico. No que diz respeito à hospitalização, deu-se ênfase à terapia de suporte essencial, podendo esta ser incontestavelmente aplicada na maioria dos casos de urgências respiratórias e fundamental para uma progressão positiva da condição dos pacientes aviários, e a monitorização durante os cuidados intensivos, de forma a detetar instantaneamente alguma alteração do estado do paciente, com o intuito de evitar e auxiliar em circunstâncias inconvenientes, diminuindo os riscos de consequências alarmantes. Foi possível verificar que todos os casos foram desafiantes, atendendo às particularidades anátomo-fisiológicas dos psitacídeos, e ocultação dos sinais clínicos de doença até que a condição destes se torna grave. As urgências consistiram num quadro clínico respiratório grave, tendo sido a dispneia grave o sinal clínico comum a todos os casos clínicos, altamente sugestivo de doença do trato respiratório ou da cavidade celómica. Em todos os casos de urgência, a estabilização em condições especiais de temperatura e a terapia de suporte foram realizadas. O tratamento sintomático durante a hospitalização foi comum a todos os casos, através da oxigenoterapia, fluidoterapia, antibioterapia, assim como o suporte nutricional e monitorização. No entanto, como consequência das restrições a nível de diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica, apenas dois dos quatro casos clínicos tiverem uma evolução positiva durante a hospitalização. Palavras-chave: psitacídeos, arara, periquito-de-colar, respiração, urgência
With the present work, it was intended to instruct knowledge in emergencies and intensive care in psittacines with respiratory condition, using bibliographic references, with as much detailed information as possible, in order to focus on and compare with four clinical cases assisted and presented. It was described specific anatomic and physiological concepts of ventilation and breathing in birds, the possible and most common diseases etiologies associated with clinical respiratory signs in clinical practice, the procedures since admission of the bird to the clinic, including triage, anamnesis, physical examination and the importance of stabilization during the emergency before performing any diagnostic exam. Regarding hospitalization, emphasis on essential supportive therapy, which can undoubtedly be applied in most cases of respiratory emergencies and is essential for a positive progression of avian patients condition, and monitoring during intensive care, in order to detect as soon as possible any change in patient's condition to avoid and help in inconvenient circumstances, reducing the risks of worst consequences. It was possible to observe that all cases were challenging, given the psittacines anatomical and physiological peculiarities as well as hiding clinical signs of disease until their condition becomes severe. The emergencies consisted in a severe respiratory clinical condition, with severe dyspnea being the clinical sign common to all clinical cases, highly suggestive of airway or coelomic cavity disease. Stabilization under special temperature conditions and supportive therapy were performed in all cases. Symptomatic treatment during hospitalization was common to all cases, through oxygen, fluid and antibiotic therapy, as well as nutritional support and monitoring. However, as a result of restrictions in diagnosis and therapeutic approach, only two of the four clinical cases had a positive evolution during hospitalization. Keywords: psittacines, macaw, ring-necked parakeet, respiratory, emergency
With the present work, it was intended to instruct knowledge in emergencies and intensive care in psittacines with respiratory condition, using bibliographic references, with as much detailed information as possible, in order to focus on and compare with four clinical cases assisted and presented. It was described specific anatomic and physiological concepts of ventilation and breathing in birds, the possible and most common diseases etiologies associated with clinical respiratory signs in clinical practice, the procedures since admission of the bird to the clinic, including triage, anamnesis, physical examination and the importance of stabilization during the emergency before performing any diagnostic exam. Regarding hospitalization, emphasis on essential supportive therapy, which can undoubtedly be applied in most cases of respiratory emergencies and is essential for a positive progression of avian patients condition, and monitoring during intensive care, in order to detect as soon as possible any change in patient's condition to avoid and help in inconvenient circumstances, reducing the risks of worst consequences. It was possible to observe that all cases were challenging, given the psittacines anatomical and physiological peculiarities as well as hiding clinical signs of disease until their condition becomes severe. The emergencies consisted in a severe respiratory clinical condition, with severe dyspnea being the clinical sign common to all clinical cases, highly suggestive of airway or coelomic cavity disease. Stabilization under special temperature conditions and supportive therapy were performed in all cases. Symptomatic treatment during hospitalization was common to all cases, through oxygen, fluid and antibiotic therapy, as well as nutritional support and monitoring. However, as a result of restrictions in diagnosis and therapeutic approach, only two of the four clinical cases had a positive evolution during hospitalization. Keywords: psittacines, macaw, ring-necked parakeet, respiratory, emergency
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Orientação: João Martins
Palavras-chave
VETERINÁRIA, MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA, VETERINARY MEDICINE, PSITACÍDEOS, PARROTS, RESPIRAÇÃO, RESPIRATION, URGÊNCIAS VETERINÁRIAS, VETERINARY EMERGENCY, MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA