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Item Producing collaborative public space - The Laboratory of Intervention in Architecture in situ / experiment(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Ramalhete, Filipa; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThis chapter discusses the role of collaborative practices for the production of public spaces. The growing complexity of urban contexts, due to changes in the production model and in urban activities is a challenge for scholars, technicians and residents. In this context collaborative practices have been a common approach in urban interventions in the last decades. The text presents eight editions of the project Laboratory of Intervention in Architecture in situ/, from 2012 to 2018. It is a project of intervention in local public spaces with the partnerships of the Municipality of Almada and numerous local institutions, using collaborative practices as methodological approach. In situ/ is also a learning process, as it is coordinated by a research centre, and has a strong concern with the educational aspects of these living labs and with urban research. Different research themes have been addressed – such as informal neighbourhoods, old industrial areas or coastal environmental protection – but they all have a common ground: how can communities (be they academic, local or institutional) contribute to solve territorial problems in transitional urban contexts using public space as a mediation and negotiation tool? In situ/ projects aim to promote innovative teaching and learning experiences outside the academic context, in multidisciplinary and diverse social and cultural contexts, but also to investigate issues of the city in transition and intervene in real contexts of action, promoting diversified partnerships with local entities, designing and building solutions to the challenges of contemporary metropolitan contexts, thus contributing to improve the quality of life of the populations. Along the same lines, this chapter aims to present the laboratories’ methodological approach, focusing on the organizational aspects, the importance of all the actors involved and of the learning experience.Item Modifying and co-creating the urban soundscape through digital technologies(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Botteldooren, Dick; De Pessemier, Toon; Filipan, Karlo; Sun, Kang; De Coensel, Bert; Van Renterghem, Timothy; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoSound is one of the most dynamic elements of the public open space in cities. The perception and understanding of this sonic environment by its users or society as a whole is commonly referred to as the soundscape. It depends on the noticeability of the composing sounds; the preference, expectations and beliefs of the users; and the overall context that is set by the visual environment and the envisaged use of the space. The local character and the volatility of the soundscape make it an ideal subject for co-creation involving citizens. Digital technologies are applicable for audiovisually predicting the impact of design options. Auralisation, either ab initio or based on multichannel recordings, still involves technological challenges that will be explored in this chapter. Digital technologies can also be used for adding sound accents that allow to change the character of the soundscape, e.g. making it livelier or increasing its mental restoration potential. Such digitally augmented soundscapes can be the direct result of a co-creation effort with the users of the public open space. The innovative combination of creating a tailored soundscape and the ability to achieve this through a co-creation process has a promising potential impact on the user experience in public open spaces.Item O programa 'Cidade amiga das crianças' em Portugal e no Brasil(FEUSP, 2022) Gonzalez, Sara Calado; Costa, Henrique Chaves; Ferreira, Ana Inês Aires Mesquita Vieira; Seixas, Paulo Castro; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoReconhecendo as crianças como sujeitos de direitos, a UNICEF lançou em 1996 o programa Cidade Amiga das Crianças, tendo em vista comprometer cidades, municípios, comunidades ou governos locais com a melhoria da qualidade de vida das crianças dentro dos seus poderes de intervenção e de acordo com a Convenção dos Direitos da Criança. Numa leitura enquadrável em estudos urbanos e estudos de infância, partimos da diversidade na aplicação deste programa e procedemos à descrição do seu desenvolvimento em Portugal e no Brasil, considerando diretrizes, funcionamento e metodologia de cada subprograma e sua concretização nos dois países em apreço, de modo a compreender as suas linhas comuns, particularidades e diferenças resultantes das realidades de cada contexto.Item Think tanks portugueses e a sua influência na decisão política sobre educação(FahrenHouse, 2020) Lopo, Teresa Teixeira; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoNesta comunicação propomo-nos analisar e debater o tema da industrialização da investigação em educação num desdobramento da sua relação com a emergência de novos atores coletivos dedicados ao trabalho científico sobre educação, com destaque para os think tanks portugueses, a sua organização, características e processo de afirmação na esfera pública, e a sua influência na decisão sobre políticas educativas.Item Technology and community communication: the use of the radio broadcasting as a strategy for urban sustainability(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Almeida, Edney Mota; Viana, Lúcio Hanai Valeriano; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThis work addresses a study developed in the city of São Paulo (Brazil) with the Rádio Comunitária Heliópolis (Heliópolis Community Radio Station), which from Monday to Friday, from 12h00 to 14h00, broadcasts the programme Bairro Educador (Educating Neighbourhood). The research was conducted between November 12 and 16, 2018, aiming to understand how a community radio station can contribute to sustainable urban development. By means of participant observation, the programme schedule and episodes (via radio and the internet) and the broadcasted interviews were analysed. Despite the anthropological approach, the research was based on the theory of communication, using the concepts of social marketing and communication for development, aimed to capture changes in awareness, behaviour and human action due to the challenges imposed by contemporary society. The concepts used challenges habits and cultural and social attitudes standardized and trivialized for decades by the social structure in force. The broadcasting schedule, directed at urban sustainability, indicated strong appeal for the listeners, especially when an average of 100% increase in audience was observed the moment it was disseminated. This appeal was reaffirmed in the qualitative analysis on the listeners’ participation in the social networks. These allow us to conclude that despite the difficulties in altering the population’s deep-rooted behaviour standards, it is possible to envisage possibilities for social transformation using diversified communication technologies. The literature, as well as the phenomenon observed, indicates that different factors may influence actors’ involvement in the search for collective solutions for common problems. It was possible to verify that a broadcast programming strategy aimed at raising awareness, mobilizing and sensitizing, placing the common citizen in the centre of the proposals, can have a significant impact in solving or reducing the problems related to urban sustainability.Item Assessing digital co-creation in urban transformations: Case of Vilnius(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Skaržauskienė, Aelita; Mačiulienė, Monika; Gudelytė, Laura; Mačiulis, Algimantas; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoPublic spaces play a vital role in urban democracy since they enable collective usage and reflection. One of the ways to make open public spaces more attractive and inclusive in modern times full of busyness is through the use of innovative digital technologies. Mobile and Internet-based interventions into public spaces deploy a number of strategies – from gathering data through GIS, syntax mapping to using digital tools to collect ideas and opinions of stakeholders. Digitization may often lead to bottom-up initiatives where the citizens and other stakeholders voluntarily employ their talent and resources to enhance the quality of life and solve problems of urbanized societies. This chapter presents methodological Digital Co-Creation Assessment Framework which considers a variety of aspects in the transformation of open spaces to co-creative systems: socio-cultural contexts, multi-stakeholder perspective, diversity in needs, incentives for participation of different groups and cooperation capabilities. The framework provides a useful approach to explore initiatives of digital co-creation as it allows to identify potential areas of improvement and to compare case studies on common indicators. However, definition of complex socio-technical systems, such as digital co-creation, is unavoidably partial, contextspecific and temporary. To test the applicability of the evaluation tool, the authors have chosen to analyse the transformation of Aukštamiestis district in Vilnius from a private space to a public place by conducting a case study analysis. The transformational nature of selected case study allowed to identify the limitations of proposed model and define the areas of improvement for applicability in varied contexts.Item The production of public open spaces and the deliberate exclusion of undesirables(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Costa, Carlos Smaniotto; Patrício, Catarina; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoWhile the remaining chapters in this book introduce and discuss a series of experiences in co-creation and participatory processes in the production of public spaces, this chapter intends to reflect on the appropriation and the production of public spaces from another aspect – that of the undesirables, those who are not wanted in the use of public spaces. By ‘undesirable’ is to be understood all those who, for different reasons, are not supposed to use - at least for a large amount of time - a public space. The reasons for considering someone undesirable are diverse and often not explicit. Yet, this divide severely restricts social development and limits the understanding of publicness and of an urban society, which is undoubtedly becoming more and more diverse. For those considered “proper”, such daily actions as using a public space are never questioned. Exclusion is a delicate issue, and thus probably no one will publicly recommend excluding the undesirables from public life; however, in fact, an increasing number of architectural elements are being put in place in order to restrict the accessibility and use of public spaces by certain citizens. And the decision to do so is an ambiguous one, as design aims at finding solutions that are effective from a user's perspective. This chapter argues that the production of public space, namely the idealized informality of open public space, is a continuation of the social conflicts present in normative space dynamics by renewed exclusion means and strategies.Item Categorisation of digital tools for co-creation of public open spaces. Key aspects and possibilities(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Erjavec, Ina Šuklje; Žlender, Vita; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoInformation and communication technologies (ICT) have the potential to contribute to the quality and attractiveness of public open spaces and to promote their inclusiveness through a co-creating approach, when ICT tools are used with consideration. There are many different digital tools available and all the time new ones are being developed. However, there is no scholarly consensus on which types of ICT tools are best to use in a specific stage of the co-creation process to effectively support the spatial planning process. This chapter explores the literature and discusses technological and spatial quality as well as user-related aspects of different types of digital tools. Our objective is to define the basis to better understand the different potential of digital tools to meet the needs of people and be useful for all the parties involved in the co-creation process with the focus on planning and development aspects of the quality of public open places. The chapter addresses the challenges faced by urban planners and designers when they wish to integrateICT into the process of planning and design and the complexity of the User – ICT – POS interlink. It also explains stating points for a categorization of digital tools for co-creation. Finally, it proposes a framework for classification of digital tools for co-creation. It also takes up the challenge of identifying the criteria for the assessment of existing ICT tools, their features, added values, suitability and usefulness at a particular stage of the public open space co-creation and development process, as well as paving the way for further analyses of their advantages and disadvantages in comparison to analogue tools.Item The effect of public places on community resilience. A case study of the role of social and digital tools in the City of Volos (Greece)(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Ruchinskaya, Tatiana; Lalenis, Konstantinos; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoCommunity resilience provides capacity to speed up recovery from disruptions, minimizes the impact of crises and helps to plan and adapt to long-term urban challenges. Public places are vital structural elements of the urban environment and they are considered useful tools for community resilience if they have physical and social capacities, with inclusiveness as their conceptual basis. This chapter investigates the main resources and activities of community resilience related to urban public places, and explores whether public places are useful tools for risk mitigation, emergency response, recovery and adaptation. A case study in the Greek city of Volos is conducted. The study explores the existing institutional framework and community building for disaster management, it surveys public spaces in Volos, and explores their role in disaster prevention. Furthermore, the case study investigates social risk mitigation practices in public spaces, identifies challenges associated with community resilience and discusses strengths and weaknesses of using digital tools to overcome these challenges. Within this framework, the potential of using Blockchain technology for strengthening community resilience is discussed by elaborating on its features and existing applications.Item Public Spaces, spaces of public domain: Icons of a contemporary simulacrum ?(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Alves, Manoel Rodrigues; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThe contemporary city is a result of plural connections between the historical matrix and the effects of global policies. Immersed in a flux of multiple contents, it seems to respond to an era of transition in which the sense of belonging to an urban space is profoundly tensioned by transformations in the cultural, social, technological and political dimensions of public space. On the one hand, contemporary urban territorialities bring new possibilities to issues related to urban morphology and fabric that are still mainly culturally determined; on the other, contemporary thinking confronts itself with the tendency of a global scenario where public life and contemporary culture are related to consumption and capital circulation. Although relations of belonging and attachment to the urban space may persist, the flow of global conditions seems to have an impact upon collective experience in the urban territory and in the production of public space. These are transformations that may lead not only to the instrumentalization of space but also to the reduction of its ‘public’ value. In the contemporary city we observe particular processes of functional and economic spatializations of the urban where public spaces are not conceived as spaces of a public realm. Noting that the intersection between past/present time-cultural flows should go beyond the (re)production of any new global paradigm of thematic urban configurations, we argue that the theoretical constructs of the contemporary public space, or spaces of public domain, must be representative not of a thematic ‘everywhere-nowhere’ urban environment, but rather of a public life urbanity, one built upon awareness and around political and civic issues.Item Participatory design as a tool to create resourceful communities in Sweden(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Rizzo, Agatino; Ekelund, Björn; Bergström, Jenny; EK, Kristina; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoFor decades, alternative (to carbon) sources of energy in Sweden have been linked to hydro- and nuclear power. However, this is set to change as the Swedish government’s agenda has placed extraordinary emphasis on renewables. The implementation of renewables in Sweden poses several challenges. Literature shows that two main aspects deter local communities from embracing large renewable projects: lack of acceptance (of the impacts) and lack of participation (in the making and benefits). Sweden has a long tradition of stakeholder engagement in state-funded projects in the form of participatory meetings and written feedbacks. However, other participatory techniques are less established. Since 2014, we have engaged in research projects dealing with energy landscapes, design thinking, and what we have recently named “resourceful communities”. The aim of this chapter is to report on the results of our recent projects that engage with the above-mentioned concepts/ strategies to foster collaboration and understanding between end-users and other stakeholders.Item Are urban living labs the new normal in co-creating places?(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Bylund, Jonas; Riegler, Johannes; Wrangsten, Caroline; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoItem Use and appropriation as the everyday design of public space in the Bexiga Neighbourhood (São Paulo)(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Gomes, Lucas Ariel; Pina, Silvia A. Mikami G.; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoBexiga is a historic and popular neighbourhood in São Paulo, situated between the ‘old’ city centre and the well-known banking district of Avenida Paulista. The public spaces in Bexiga thrive, despite disinvestment and lack of formal urban design initiatives. While some authors attest an ongoing dereliction of duty by the city administration towards this traditional neighbourhood, others celebrate the relative preservation of Bexiga’s architectural and cultural heritage. It is between neglect and resistance as social spaces that Bexiga’s public spaces are shaped. This chapter explores the collective nature of everyday use and its role not only as creator of the neighbourhood’s public spaces but also as designer of these spaces, albeit in latent form, through processes of use and appropriation. This rather informal character is addressed from the perspective of historical-critical research on the collective construction and evolution of Bexiga’s public spaces. Such informality provides juxtapositions of past and present, as well as of change and continuity. Led by an empirical field research, this chapter analyses the construction of public space through use and appropriation. Findings reveal that the informal character of public space implies a more fluid spatiality and relies significantly on its temporality and its collective character. The dynamics of everyday design is the result of a range of organised and impromptu actions, in such a way that an organised event can endure unexpected uses in the surrounding areas, embodying a fluid public space. There is an underlying logic in the location of these spaces, close to housing and cultural hubs. It is the persistent everyday repetition of ephemeral acts of use and appropriation that creates and designs vibrant living public spaces in the neighbourhood. This creation plays an important role in the cultural preservation of Bexiga, acting as a reinforcement of its collective origins and character.Item Web 2.0 tools as framework for participation and co-creation(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Bizjak, Igor; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoWeb 2.0 has brought a plethora of new tools (such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and others) and new functionalities, for instance, the ability to co-create web content. The question that is being asked is whether these applications and online tools can be used as an alternative to non-electronic tools for participation in spatial planning processes. The co-creation process that these tools enable is also participation. Participation in urban planning is an important part of space planning that we share with different users of planned space. The chapter shows how the theory of participation can be associated with participatory methods that are used in spatial planning. And how to use them when choosing and creating electronic Web 2.0 tools of. However, to make the use of electronic tools easier for non-professionals from the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), we have selected electronic tools designed for collaboration and participation to be integrated into a generative web framework. Various electronic tools are described in this chapter, with different ways of using in the processes of participation and co-creation. One tool that was developed for the needs of a certain European project from the field of integration of local initiatives in revitalizing urban public spaces of contemporary cities and could be used for other similar purposes will be described in more detail. An analysis of the tool used and the responses of those who used it will also be presented.Item The design of co-participation processes in public spaces in São Paulo as university extension project: The revitalization process of Dom Orione and Major Freire Squares(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Sanches, Débora; Ortiz, Sérgio Ricardo Lessa; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThis work discusses the revitalisation process of Dom Orione Square and Major Freire Square, developed in a university extension project by architecture and urban planning students of Centro Universitário Belas Artes in São Paulo. The Dom Orione project was conducted jointly with Association Novolhar, which provides social inclusion to children and teenagers in need living near the square. Even without a proper playground, the square is used by children all through the week. At weekends a flea market takes place, with local vendors using improvised tents for selling antiquities. To better understand the children’s expectations, the students organised a design and sculpture workshop in which children could express, the changes they wanted in the square in a playful manner. Through the drawings and clay sculptures, the students were able to create a project that met the needs of the local population. In the Major Freire Square, the project was developed in partnership with the NGO "EU RESOLVO", taking also into account the needs of local residents. Due to its proximity to the São Judas subway station, Major Freire Square has a great potential for recreation activities. The students organised meetings with the local population to discuss their needs in order to create a project suited to the locals. It is believed that participatory processes are fundamental for the training of architects and urban planners sensitive to the real-life issues of the city. Consequently, the appropriation of public spaces by the population in general and by children and adolescents in particular, will be better understood and taken into account. In this way, discussing methodologies and development alternatives by participatory projects contributes to future public policies and to the development of responsive public spaces.Item Exploring co-creation as a learning process to (re)think public space from a transformative perspective(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Menezes, Marluci; Mateus, Diogo; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThis chapter explores the potential of co-creation for the planning of public open spaces that could be more attentive to different, unequal and diverse social ideas, needs and desires. Co-creation is discussed as an innovative opportunity for learning and (re)thinking urban planning. Exploring ideas, literature and experiences (from the European Project C3Places), the chapter discusses the role of co-creation for involving citizens in placemaking. This reflection addresses co-creation as a collective, contextual and engaged process of learning. From this perspective, co-creation is discussed as an open process of learning about predictable ideas in the relationship between socio-spatial imaginary, requirements, needs and urban design procedures from a transformative perspective.Item Planning of public open spaces with digital tools. The example of the WAY CyberParks(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Duarte, Tiago António Leal; Mateus, Diogo; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThe aim of this chapter is to discuss how digital technology can assist public open spaces’ planning processes. It is centred on the opportunities that digital technology offers to aid spatial planning, by introducing the monitoring tool WAY CyberParks, developed and tested within the CyberParks Project. This digital tool intends to increase information and knowledge about places in order to create more inclusive public spaces that correspond to the needs of their users. The digital tool, developed to monitor how people use public spaces and as an exchange interface between users and planners, increases the understanding of users’ needs and preferences. The challenge is to attract users to engage with the app during their visit to public spaces and define the number of users required to obtain a representative sample. One of the main objectives of this digital tool is to allow strong public participation, therefore users’ opinions should be representative. As a result, WAY CyberParks intends to be a tool to be used by planners in the co-creation of public spaces. The analysis of the tests of WAY CyberParks in Lisbon serves to demonstrate the features of this tool and the type of data gathered. This chapter makes an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of this tool, and the advantages of using digital tools in the processes of planning and co-creating public open spaces.Item Placemaking with teenagers. Experiences driven from thematic workshops on urban planning(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Almeida, Inês; Batista, Joana Solipa; Lourenço, Filipa; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoThis chapter discusses topics of interest produced in the context of a pilot phase of thematic workshops on urban planning with teenagers in the Alvalade neighbourhood (Lisbon). The workshops were developed to encompass topics of interest relating to teenagers’ perceptions, representations and uses of space. Another focus was on perceptions and uses of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Finally, the workshops tackled the opportunities for participation and civic engagement and teenagers’ contribution in the design and planning of public open spaces. On the one hand, this contribution reflects on how to engage teenagers in critically thinking about the city-making process. Along this line, it reflects on teenagers’ participation and placemaking and compares initial expectations of researchers with the emerging topics of interest arising within the workshops. But also, on the other hand, it ponders on how to promote in these students a more active civic participation. It is suggested that education for citizenship can be indirectly addressed and explored through the activities conducted within the urban planning workshops. And, through this, another goal can be achieved: empowering teenagers with tools and knowledge to become more active and engaged citizens. Even though this was not initially planned, and therefore no formal evaluation of such results was conducted, it leaves room for reflection in the present and for future work.Item Understanding co-creation within the public open space development process(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2020) Marušić, Barbara Goličnik; Erjavec, Ina Šuklje; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoCo-creation as an approach has gained increasing interest from both urban planning scholars and practitioners, since it gives an added value of inclusiveness and stakeholder integration into the planning process. To effectively use the co-creation approach for planning and successful establishment of public open spaces it is important to closely relate and adjust it to the different stages of the spatial development timeline. In the chapter, in-depth understanding of the relationship between co-creation activities and the spatial planning and development process of POS is presented with possible benefits as well as obstacles explained. The focus is on defining the comprehensive structure of interlinks and detailed explanation of supportive co-creation activities with the aim to give the useful background for mutual understanding between urban planning professionals and different stakeholders related to urban open space development for quality of life and environment.Item The Evolution of Teacher Training in Mozambique and the Contexts of its Emergence(2017) Carita, Ana; Cau, Moisés Manuel; Mofate, Óscar Luís; Duarte, Rosa Serradas; CeIED (FCT) - Centro de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Educação e DesenvolvimentoMozambique became an independent country from the Portuguese colonial regime in 1975, after ten years of armed struggle led by FRELIMO. Its legacy was a country with poorly developed natural resources, serious problems regarding the population’s sanitation and health, an extremely high illiteracy rate, very low qualification of human capital. There was a country to build, and this construction was willed within the framework of a socialist transformation of society. Despite the significance of the efforts and advances achieved, that construction was brutally hindered by a heavy civil war (1976-92), successive natural catastrophes, serious setbacks in the devised economic strategy. Apart from these difficulties, the exponential population growth encumbered the implementation of services capable of responding in such areas as health, education and population qualification, not only in the necessary numbers but also in quality. And this despite the fact that education, and therefore teacher recruitment and training, was considered one of the most powerful tools for the country’s promotion and development. This chapter aims to report on the teacher training strategies in the 1975-2014 period, highlighting the main landmarks of their evolution as well as their benefits and constraints, illuminating the geographic, economic, political and cultural contexts where they emerged, as well as the education system they are supposed to serve. To this effect, we resorted to documental research, based on bibliographic and empirical studies, legislation and official documents, and documents produced by international entities. It should be noted that there is little documentation and empirical research on some fields we would be interested in deepening, in particular information concerning the curricula of teacher training. The chapter is organized in three sections: Geographical, Demographical, Social, Economic, Political and Cultural Context; Educational System; and Teacher Training. In the 2 first section, the general context of training is analysed in its evolution along the dimensions stated in the heading. The second section is dedicated to describing and analysing the evolution of the formal education system, its goals and organization, population and challenges. The third section is dedicated to teacher training strategies, their evolution, objectives, access conditions, duration, institutions responsible for the programmes and challenges. The chapter ends with a concluding section, where the essential traits of the previous analyses are highlighted, and the increase in the number of teachers, the rise in their qualifications and the actual development of the teaching competencies are highlighted as the main challenges of teacher training.