A precariedade do trabalho na vida dos jovens em Portugal
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2025
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O objetivo deste trabalho consistia em compreender e analisar, no contexto atual, a medida de política de estágio ATIVAR.pt, dirigida aos jovens em Portugal, de forma a analisar as diferentes fases do ciclo dessa política a partir do seu enquadramento legal e da perspectiva dos profissionais que a desenvolviam e dos jovens que dela beneficiavam. Para o efeito, efetuou-se a análise da fase de formulação (contexto, interesses, conceitos utilizados, definição do problema etc.), da fase de implementação (recursos, organizações, profissionais, estratégias) e, finalmente, da fase de avaliação (do ponto de vista do impacto macro, com base nas estatísticas nacionais, e micro, com base na percepção dos profissionais e dos jovens). Nesse sentido, analisou-se, através da teoria crítica embasada num marco teórico marxista, a história do trabalho considerando o processo de exploração da classe trabalhadora, bem como a categoria trabalho em suas diversas fases, caracterizando o capitalismo contemporâneo e sua relação com o mundo do trabalho. A pesquisa possuía natureza mista e adotava uma abordagem de estudo de caso para analisar o ciclo da política de estágios Ativar.pt, utilizando o paradigma de integração metodológica. Esta investigação combinava pesquisa documental com guião de entrevista realizadas com dois grupos-alvo: profissionais e jovens. A metodologia de análise de dados era mista, incluindo uma análise de conteúdo categorial dos documentos oficiais e das respostas abertas das entrevistas, além de uma análise estatística das questões fechadas. No final do processo, foram obtidas 15 respostas dos profissionais e 498 dos jovens, refletindo uma amostra significativa que contribuiria para a avaliação e compreensão da eficácia da política Ativar.pt. Na formulação, todos os participantes convergiam sobre os objetivos da medida e atores envolvidos. No que se refere à implementação, os implementadores declararam que houve participação e tomada de decisões por parte dos profissionais na formulação da política e que, embora a legislação estabelecesse normas claras para o funcionamento dos estágios, existia um espaço de ação e liberdade. Os jovens consideravam que os implementadores desempenhavam um papel crucial na sua experiência de inserção no mercado de trabalho. Apesar disso, muitos expressaram preocupações quanto ao compromisso das empresas e à supervisão do IEFP. Na avaliação, do ponto de vista do impacto macro, com base nas estatísticas nacionais, vê-se que os objetivos e metas estabelecidos pela política não foram cumpridos em sua amplitude. Os profissionais consideravam que teve um impacto positivo significativo na vida dos jovens, especialmente em termos de empregabilidade e desenvolvimento de competências. Os jovens consideravam que, apesar dos desafios, houve aprendizagens valiosas.
The objective of this study was to understand and analyze, in the current context, the ATIVAR.pt internship policy measure aimed at young people in Portugal. The study sought to examine the different phases of this policy cycle, starting from its legal framework and considering the perspectives of the professionals who implemented it and the young people who benefited from it. To achieve this, the research analyzed the formulation phase (context, interests, concepts used, problem definition, etc.), the implementation phase (resources, organizations, professionals, strategies), and finally, the evaluation phase (from a macro perspective, based on national statistics, and a micro perspective, based on the perceptions of professionals and young people). In this context, the study employed critical theory grounded in a Marxist theoretical framework, explored the history of labor, the process of exploitation of the working class, and the labor category in its various phases, characterizing contemporary capitalism and its relationship with the world of work. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach and a case study methodology to analyze the ATIVAR.pt internship policy cycle, utilizing an integrative methodological paradigm. This investigation combined document analysis with questionnaire-based interviews conducted with two target groups: professionals and young people. The data analysis methodology was also mixed, involving a categorical content analysis of official documents and open-ended interview responses, as well as statistical analysis of closed-ended questions. By the end of the process, responses had been obtained from 15 professionals and 498 young people, providing a significant sample that contributed to the evaluation and understanding of the effectiveness of the ATIVAR.pt policy. In the formulation phase, all participants converged on the policy's objectives and the actors involved. Regarding implementation, the implementers indicated that professionals had participated in decision-making during the policy's formulation and that, although the legislation set clear norms for internships, there was room for action and flexibility. Young people viewed the implementers as playing a crucial role in their labor market integration experience. However, many expressed concerns about the commitment of companies and the oversight provided by the IEFP (Institute of Employment and Professional Training). In the evaluation phase, from a macro impact perspective based on national statistics, the established goals and targets were not fully achieved. From the professionals’ perspective, the policy had a significantly positive impact on the lives of young people, particularly in terms of employability and skills development. Young people recognized valuable learning experiences despite the challenges.
The objective of this study was to understand and analyze, in the current context, the ATIVAR.pt internship policy measure aimed at young people in Portugal. The study sought to examine the different phases of this policy cycle, starting from its legal framework and considering the perspectives of the professionals who implemented it and the young people who benefited from it. To achieve this, the research analyzed the formulation phase (context, interests, concepts used, problem definition, etc.), the implementation phase (resources, organizations, professionals, strategies), and finally, the evaluation phase (from a macro perspective, based on national statistics, and a micro perspective, based on the perceptions of professionals and young people). In this context, the study employed critical theory grounded in a Marxist theoretical framework, explored the history of labor, the process of exploitation of the working class, and the labor category in its various phases, characterizing contemporary capitalism and its relationship with the world of work. The research adopted a mixed-methods approach and a case study methodology to analyze the ATIVAR.pt internship policy cycle, utilizing an integrative methodological paradigm. This investigation combined document analysis with questionnaire-based interviews conducted with two target groups: professionals and young people. The data analysis methodology was also mixed, involving a categorical content analysis of official documents and open-ended interview responses, as well as statistical analysis of closed-ended questions. By the end of the process, responses had been obtained from 15 professionals and 498 young people, providing a significant sample that contributed to the evaluation and understanding of the effectiveness of the ATIVAR.pt policy. In the formulation phase, all participants converged on the policy's objectives and the actors involved. Regarding implementation, the implementers indicated that professionals had participated in decision-making during the policy's formulation and that, although the legislation set clear norms for internships, there was room for action and flexibility. Young people viewed the implementers as playing a crucial role in their labor market integration experience. However, many expressed concerns about the commitment of companies and the oversight provided by the IEFP (Institute of Employment and Professional Training). In the evaluation phase, from a macro impact perspective based on national statistics, the established goals and targets were not fully achieved. From the professionals’ perspective, the policy had a significantly positive impact on the lives of young people, particularly in terms of employability and skills development. Young people recognized valuable learning experiences despite the challenges.
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MESTRADO EM SERVIÇO SOCIAL E POLÍTICA SOCIAL, SERVIÇO SOCIAL, POLÍTICA SOCIAL, TRABALHO PRECÁRIO, JOVENS, SOCIAL WORK, SOCIAL POLICY, PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT, YOUNG PEOPLE