Maturação biológica, aptidão física e seleção desportiva no basquetebol
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2020
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Na fase da adolescência, o processo de maturação tem uma enorme influência no desenvolvimento dos atributos morfo-funcionais que por sua vez são determinantes no rendimento desportivo e no processo de seleção de atletas. A presente tese tem como objetivo estudar a influência da maturação na variação dos atributos morfológicos e funcionais ao longo das diferentes etapas de formação desportiva do jovem basquetebolista, e a sua relevância no rendimento desportivo e na seleção de atletas de basquetebol.
A tese está organizada em três partes distintas. A Parte I procurou introduzir os conceitos fundamentais e estabelecer o objetivo geral da tese considerando matérias em torno do crescimento, maturação, morfologia, aptidão física, rendimento e seleção desportiva. Adicionalmente, é disponibilizada uma perspetiva geral sobre crescimento e desenvolvimento funcional em adolescentes masculinos. Esta secção inclui, ainda, uma descrição detalhada das amostras estudadas, bem como das metodologias utilizadas nos diversos estudos realizados. A Parte II desenvolve-se a partir dos estudos realizados e visa: (i) analisar a contribuição da maturação biológica, da morfologia e da aptidão física na seleção desportiva de jovens atletas de elite; (ii) identificar variáveis maturacionais, morfológicas e de aptidão física associadas ao rendimento coletivo das equipas; (iii) identificar variáveis maturacionais, morfológicas e de aptidão física associadas ao rendimento individual dos jogadores; e (iv) analisar a contribuição da maturação biológica nos atributos morfo-funcionais e no rendimento individual em jovens jogadores de basquetebol; (v) apresentar valores de referência relativos à morfologia e aptidão física de atletas de basquetebol do sexo masculino, tendo em consideração a sua idade cronológica e o estado maturacional dos atletas. A secção final, Parte III, compreende uma discussão geral, na qual os resultados dos diversos estudos são sumariados e contextualizados considerando igualmente as suas implicações.
A análise dos principais resultados dos estudos realizados mostra que: (i) o semestre de nascimento, a maturação, as dimensões corporais e a aptidão física são fatores influentes no processo de seleção dos atletas masculinos que integram as principais equipas dos clubes, sendo que a altura, a resistência abdominal (nas categorias de sub-14 e sub-16), a capacidade aeróbia (nos sub-14), e a agilidade (nos sub-16), são os atributos discriminantes de acordo com o nível das equipas; (ii) a velocidade, a agilidade e a força explosiva dos membros superiores são importantes atributos no rendimento coletivo das equipas sub-14, sendo que a velocidade, nos rapazes, e a força explosiva dos membros superiores e a velocidade, nas raparigas, são atributos discriminantes de acordo com a classificação das equipas; (iii) na categoria de sub-14 masculino, as dimensões corporais, a força dos membros inferiores e superiores, a velocidade e a agilidade estão correlacionadas com o rendimento individual dos jogadores sendo que altura, a força de preensão manual, a agilidade e a potência de salto no countermovement jump com balanço de braços, são os preditores do rendimento; (iv) na categoria de sub-14 feminino, os anos de prática, o tempo de prática, a idade cronológica, a maturação, as dimensões corporais, a potência dos membros inferiores e a distância alcançada no lançamento da bola medicinal estão correlacionadas com o rendimento individual das jogadoras sendo a maturação, os anos de prática e a agilidade, os preditores do rendimento; (v) a maturação influencia os atributos morfológicos e de aptidão física (particularmente os relacionados com a força) mas não influencia significativamente as principais variáveis de rendimento (i.e., pontos e PIR por jogo e minuto), apresentando apenas um efeito mínimo nos ressaltos ganhos por jogo; e (vi) os valores normativos dos atributos morfo-funcionais dos jovens basquetebolistas, de acordo com a idade e o estado maturacional, permitem uma melhor interpretação e contextualização do desempenho dos atletas.
Em suma, os resultados desta tese destacam a relevância dos atributos morfo-funcionais no processo de seleção de jogadores para as equipas de elite e no rendimento desportivo de jovens basquetebolistas de elite do sexo masculino e feminino.
During adolescence, maturation has a high impact on the development of morpho-functional attributes, which are essential for the sports selection process and athletic performance. This Thesis aims to study the influence of maturation on the variability of morphological and functional attributes of young basketball players, over different stages of their sports training career and its relevance to sports performance and the selection of athletes The Thesis is organized into three distinct parts. Part I introduces the fundamental concepts, considering issues, such as growth, maturation, morphology, physical fitness, performance and sports selection and establishes the general objective of the Thesis. Additionally, an overview of growth and functional development of male adolescents is present. This section also includes a detailed description of the samples studied, as well as the methodologies used in the various studies carried out. Part II develops from the studies carried out and aims to: (i) analyze the contribution of biological maturation, morphology and physical fitness in the sports selection of young elite athletes; (ii) identify maturational, morphological and physical fitness variables associated with the team´s performance; (iii) identify maturational, morphological and physical fitness variables associated with individual player performance; (iv) analyze the contribution of different measures of biological maturation in morpho-functional attributes and individual performance in young basketball players; and (v) current reference values related to morphology and physical fitness of male basketball athletes, taking into account their chronological age and maturational status. The final section, Part III, comprises a general discussion, in which the results of the various studies are summarized and contextualized also addressing their implications. When analyzing the main results, the studies show that: (i) the semester of birth, maturation, body dimensions and physical fitness are important factors for the selecting process of male athletes of the main club teams and; height, abdominal resistance (on the under-14 and under-16 categories), aerobic capacity (on the under-14), and agility (on the under-16), are the discriminating attributes according to their team level; (ii) speed, agility and explosive strength of the upper limbs are important attributes in the under-14 team´s performance, and the speed, in boys, and the explosive strength of the upper limbs and speed in girls are discriminating attributes according to the team´s classification; (iii) in the males, body dimensions, lower and upper limb strength, speed and agility are correlated with the individual performance of under-14 players and height, manual grip strength, agility and jumping power in countermovement jump with arm balance, are the predictors of individual performance; (iv) in females, years of practice, practice time, chronological age, maturation, body dimensions, lower limb power and distance reached in the medicinal ball throw are correlated with player performance, and maturation, years of practice and agility are the predictors of individual performance; (v) maturation influences morphological and physical fitness attributes (particularly those related to strength) but do not have a significant influence on the main performance variables (i.e., points and PIR per game and minute), showing a minimal effect on the rebounds won per game; and (vi) the normative values of the morpho-functional attributes of young basketball players, according to age and maturational state, allow a better interpretation and contextualization of the athletes' performance. In summary, the results of this Thesis highlight the relevance of morpho-functional attributes, in the process of players’ selection in elite teams and in sport performance of young elite male and female basketball players.
During adolescence, maturation has a high impact on the development of morpho-functional attributes, which are essential for the sports selection process and athletic performance. This Thesis aims to study the influence of maturation on the variability of morphological and functional attributes of young basketball players, over different stages of their sports training career and its relevance to sports performance and the selection of athletes The Thesis is organized into three distinct parts. Part I introduces the fundamental concepts, considering issues, such as growth, maturation, morphology, physical fitness, performance and sports selection and establishes the general objective of the Thesis. Additionally, an overview of growth and functional development of male adolescents is present. This section also includes a detailed description of the samples studied, as well as the methodologies used in the various studies carried out. Part II develops from the studies carried out and aims to: (i) analyze the contribution of biological maturation, morphology and physical fitness in the sports selection of young elite athletes; (ii) identify maturational, morphological and physical fitness variables associated with the team´s performance; (iii) identify maturational, morphological and physical fitness variables associated with individual player performance; (iv) analyze the contribution of different measures of biological maturation in morpho-functional attributes and individual performance in young basketball players; and (v) current reference values related to morphology and physical fitness of male basketball athletes, taking into account their chronological age and maturational status. The final section, Part III, comprises a general discussion, in which the results of the various studies are summarized and contextualized also addressing their implications. When analyzing the main results, the studies show that: (i) the semester of birth, maturation, body dimensions and physical fitness are important factors for the selecting process of male athletes of the main club teams and; height, abdominal resistance (on the under-14 and under-16 categories), aerobic capacity (on the under-14), and agility (on the under-16), are the discriminating attributes according to their team level; (ii) speed, agility and explosive strength of the upper limbs are important attributes in the under-14 team´s performance, and the speed, in boys, and the explosive strength of the upper limbs and speed in girls are discriminating attributes according to the team´s classification; (iii) in the males, body dimensions, lower and upper limb strength, speed and agility are correlated with the individual performance of under-14 players and height, manual grip strength, agility and jumping power in countermovement jump with arm balance, are the predictors of individual performance; (iv) in females, years of practice, practice time, chronological age, maturation, body dimensions, lower limb power and distance reached in the medicinal ball throw are correlated with player performance, and maturation, years of practice and agility are the predictors of individual performance; (v) maturation influences morphological and physical fitness attributes (particularly those related to strength) but do not have a significant influence on the main performance variables (i.e., points and PIR per game and minute), showing a minimal effect on the rebounds won per game; and (vi) the normative values of the morpho-functional attributes of young basketball players, according to age and maturational state, allow a better interpretation and contextualization of the athletes' performance. In summary, the results of this Thesis highlight the relevance of morpho-functional attributes, in the process of players’ selection in elite teams and in sport performance of young elite male and female basketball players.
Descrição
Orientação: Luís Miguel Rosado da Cunha Massuça
Palavras-chave
DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, ADOLESCÊNCIA, JOVENS, ATLETAS DE COMPETIÇÃO, MATURAÇÃO BIOLÓGICA, APTIDÃO FÍSICA, RENDIMENTO DESPORTIVO, BASQUETEBOL, CRESCIMENTO, SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, ADOLESCENCE, YOUNG PEOPLE, PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES, BIOLOGICAL MATURATION, PHYSICAL FITNESS, SPORT PERFORMANCE, BASKETBALL, GROWTH, DOUTORAMENTO EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA E DESPORTO