Fatores motivacionais, imagem corporal e distúrbios alimentares em bailarinos
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2024
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Objetivo: Analisar as consequências psicológicas das motivações para a dança e outras variáveis motivacionais, com especial ênfase nos sintomas de distúrbios alimentares e imagem corporal. Adicionalmente, procurou-se explorar as diferenças nestas variáveis em populações de bailarinos de elite e bailarinos amadores (não elite). Método: Primeiramente foi elaborada uma revisão rápida e sistemática da literatura conforme as diretrizes do PRISMA, que visou analisar as dinâmicas motivacionais no contexto da dança e perceber quais as suas consequências psicológicas em amostras de bailarinos. A pesquisa de artigos científicos com revisão de pares publicados até Fevereiro de 2022 foi efetuada no SPORTdiscus e PsycINFO, usando o modelo PICOS. Seguiu-se um estudo observacional transversal com uma amostra de 22 bailarinos de elite e 28 amadores (não elite). Aplicou-se uma bateria de questionários online, para avaliar os fatores motivacionais, sintomas de distúrbios alimentares e apreciação corporal dos bailarinos. Para as análises estatísticas recorreu-se ao teste T e ao teste de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: Foram incluídos 19 artigos na revisão sistemática de literatura que cumpriam com todos os critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram associações positivas entre as dinâmicas motivacionais positivas (ex. motivações autónomas, satisfação necessidades básicas) e diversos outcomes psicológicos, e associações negativas com dinâmicas motivacionais negativas (ex. orientação para o ego, motivações controladas). No estudo empírico, não existiram diferenças significativas entre os grupos, com exceção para a regulação integrada - níveis superiores nos bailarinos amadores (não elite). Obtiveram-se correlações positivas entre as motivações de origem controlada (i.e., externa e introjetada) e sintomas de distúrbios alimentares, assim como correlações negativas com a apreciação corporal. Contrariamente, confirmou-se uma correlação positiva entre a motivação intrínseca para a dança e a apreciação corporal. Conclusões: Os bailarinos que possuem motivações mais autónomas e que dançam num clima motivacional de apoio à autonomia ou orientado para a mestria/tarefa apresentam outcomes psicológicos mais positivos, como por exemplo melhor imagem corporal, bem-estar físico e psicológico, perfis menos perfecionistas, maior autoestima, enquanto que as motivações mais controladas e climas mais orientados para o ego/resultado geram outcomes mais negativos, como maior burnout e mais sintomas de distúrbios alimentares. Os resultados foram ao encontro dos pressupostos da teoria da autodeterminação, sugerindo que os seres humanos precisam de se sentir autónomos, ou seja, precisam de sentir que estão a fazer o que está de acordo consigo próprios e que o que estão a fazer é interessante e pessoalmente importante para eles, para daí retirarem mais benefícios. Futuramente torna-se relevante desenvolver programas de intervenção nas escolas de dança/conservatórios, assim como a prática de intervenções na formação de professores de dança baseadas na teoria da autodeterminação de forma a aumentar os níveis de imagem corporal positiva, diminuir os riscos de distúrbios alimentares e criar climas motivacionais orientados para a tarefa/mestria. Palavras-chave: Fatores Motivacionais, Motivação, Imagem Corporal, Distúrbios Alimentares, Teoria da Autodeterminação, Clima Motivacional, Dança, Bailarinos de Elite, Bailarinos Amadores (não elite)
Aim: Analyze the psychological consequences of motivations for dance and other motivational variables, with special emphasis on eating disorder symptoms and body image. Additionally, we sought to explore differences in these variables in populations of professional and recreational dancers. Method: First, a rapid and systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, which aimed to analyze motivational dynamics in the context of dance and to understand their psychological consequences in samples of dancers. The search for peer-reviewed scientific articles published until February 2022 was conducted in SPORTdiscus and PsycINFO using the PICOS model. This was followed by a cross-sectional observational study with a sample of 22 elite dancers and 28 amateur dancers (non-elite). A battery of online questionnaires was applied to assess the dancers' motivational factors, eating disorder symptoms, and body appreciation. The T-test and Pearson's correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Nineteen articles were included in the systematic literature review that met all eligibility criteria. Results showed positive associations between positive motivational dynamics (e.g. autonomous motivations, satisfaction of basic needs) and several psychological outcomes, and negative associations with negative motivational dynamics (e.g. ego-orientation, controlled motivations). In the empirical study, there were no significant differences between the groups, except for integrated regulation (higher levels in amateur dancers). Positive correlations were obtained between motivations of controlled origin (i.e., external and introjected) and eating disorder symptoms, as well as negative correlations with body appreciation. Conversely, a positive correlation was confirmed between intrinsic motivation to dance and body appreciation. Conclusions: Dancers who have more autonomous motivations and who dance in a motivational climate supporting autonomy or oriented to mastery/task show more positive psychological outcomes, such as better body image, physical and psychological well-being, less perfectionist profiles, higher self-esteem, while more controlled motivations and more ego/result oriented climates generate more negative outcomes, such as more burnout and more eating disorder symptoms. The results were in line with the assumptions of self-determination theory, suggesting that human beings need to feel autonomous, that is, they need to feel that they are doing what they agree withthemselves and that what they are doing is interesting and personally important to them, in order to derive more benefit from it. In the future it will be relevant to develop intervention programs in dance schools/conservatories, as well as the practice of interventions in dance teacher training based on self-determination theory in order to increase levels of positive body image, decrease risks of eating disorders and create task/mastery oriented motivational climates. Keywords: Motivational Factors, Motivation, Body Image, Eating Disorders, Self-Determination Theory, Motivational Climate, Dance, Professional Dancers, Amateur Dancers
Aim: Analyze the psychological consequences of motivations for dance and other motivational variables, with special emphasis on eating disorder symptoms and body image. Additionally, we sought to explore differences in these variables in populations of professional and recreational dancers. Method: First, a rapid and systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, which aimed to analyze motivational dynamics in the context of dance and to understand their psychological consequences in samples of dancers. The search for peer-reviewed scientific articles published until February 2022 was conducted in SPORTdiscus and PsycINFO using the PICOS model. This was followed by a cross-sectional observational study with a sample of 22 elite dancers and 28 amateur dancers (non-elite). A battery of online questionnaires was applied to assess the dancers' motivational factors, eating disorder symptoms, and body appreciation. The T-test and Pearson's correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Nineteen articles were included in the systematic literature review that met all eligibility criteria. Results showed positive associations between positive motivational dynamics (e.g. autonomous motivations, satisfaction of basic needs) and several psychological outcomes, and negative associations with negative motivational dynamics (e.g. ego-orientation, controlled motivations). In the empirical study, there were no significant differences between the groups, except for integrated regulation (higher levels in amateur dancers). Positive correlations were obtained between motivations of controlled origin (i.e., external and introjected) and eating disorder symptoms, as well as negative correlations with body appreciation. Conversely, a positive correlation was confirmed between intrinsic motivation to dance and body appreciation. Conclusions: Dancers who have more autonomous motivations and who dance in a motivational climate supporting autonomy or oriented to mastery/task show more positive psychological outcomes, such as better body image, physical and psychological well-being, less perfectionist profiles, higher self-esteem, while more controlled motivations and more ego/result oriented climates generate more negative outcomes, such as more burnout and more eating disorder symptoms. The results were in line with the assumptions of self-determination theory, suggesting that human beings need to feel autonomous, that is, they need to feel that they are doing what they agree withthemselves and that what they are doing is interesting and personally important to them, in order to derive more benefit from it. In the future it will be relevant to develop intervention programs in dance schools/conservatories, as well as the practice of interventions in dance teacher training based on self-determination theory in order to increase levels of positive body image, decrease risks of eating disorders and create task/mastery oriented motivational climates. Keywords: Motivational Factors, Motivation, Body Image, Eating Disorders, Self-Determination Theory, Motivational Climate, Dance, Professional Dancers, Amateur Dancers
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SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, MOTIVATION, BODY IMAGE, EATING DISORDERS, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY, DANCE, DANCERS, MESTRADO EM EXERCÍCIO E BEM-ESTAR, DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, MOTIVAÇÃO, IMAGEM CORPORAL, DISTÚRBIOS ALIMENTARES, TEORIA DA AUTODETERMINAÇÃO, DANÇA, BAILARINOS, Mestrado em Exercício e Bem-Estar