A qualificação e conformação jurídica da relação banco-cliente
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Data
2023
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Com a abertura de uma conta bancária tem início uma relação jurídica, em regra, de caráter duradouro entre dois sujeitos, o cliente e o banco. A partir daquele ato inicial - o de abertura de conta - surgem ou podem surgir outros tantos atos com repercussões jurídicas, quer para o banco quer para o seu cliente. A questão que se veio a colocar, inspirando este trabalho, foi a da adequada e correta qualificação daquele primeiro ato, em ordem, a determinar a conformação jurídica da relação bancária material, de modo a descortinar que deveres e direitos impendem sobre uma e outra parte. Após uma correta conformação jurídica do ato de abertura de conta, torna-se possível identificar a origem daqueles, com vista a estabelecer que tipo de responsabilidade pode ser assacada às partes em caso de litígio.
A questão colocada, assumiu particular relevância, quando constatamos a especial utilidade pública de algumas, operações e contratos de natureza bancária, que só podem ocorrer, após abertura de uma conta bancária. Deste modo, a nossa reflexão, prende-se com o alcance que, a adequada conformação jurídica do ato de abertura de conta, tem para as partes; considerando, que o comum ato de abertura de conta bancária, não se encontra previsto ou regulamentado no direito positivo, seja este comercial ou civil. Analisada sob diferentes perspetivas, o que concluímos, é que a relação entre banco e cliente, é uma relação jurídica de natureza obrigacional complexa. Decorre da celebração de um contrato, expressão máxima daquela construção doutrinal, cujo conteúdo principal, se traduz na prestação de serviços especialíssimos, prestados de modo profissional pelos bancos, sendo que, apenas estes, os podem ser prestar. Serviços que se resumem, na possibilidade de o comum cidadão aceder à moeda escritural; acesso este, que modernamente, em pleno século XXI é essencial a todos os cidadãos, e concomitantemente, relevante para efeitos manutenção da coesão social e da ordem pública, uma vez que vivemos numa sociedade cujo bom funcionamento - inseridos que estamos numa economia de mercado - depende em grande medida do desempenho das instituições de crédito, designadamente, dos bancos. Como bem nos lembramos, após a crise financeira mundial, desencadeada em 2008 pela falência de uma instituição bancária, primeiro no estrangeiro e depois em Portugal.
With the opening of a bank account begins a legal relationship, as a rule, of long lasting, between two parts, the client, and the bank. From the initial act - that of opening an account - there are, or may arise, many other acts with legal repercussions, both for the bank and the client. The question that came to be asked, inspiring this work, was the proper and correct qualification of that first act, in order, to determine the correct legal conformation of the material banking relationship, to identify what duties and rights are, from that moment on, impose on one party and another. After a correct legal conformation of the act of opening an account, it becomes possible to identify the origin of such duties, with the purpose of establishing the type of liability that can be issued to the parties in the event of a dispute. The question asked gets particularly relevant when we note the special public utility of some banking transactions and contracts, which can only take place after opening an account. From this point of view, our reflection relates to the extent that the appropriate legal conformation of the act of opening account has for the parties; considering it’s not provided or regulated in positive law, whether commercial or civil. Analysing from different perspectives, what we conclude is that the relationship between banks and clients, is a legal relationship of an intrinsically bondable nature. As a result of the conclusion of a contract, the maximum expression of that doctrinal construction, which main content is translated into the provision of special services, by banks in a professional manner, that only they can provide. Services that are summarize in the possibility of the ordinary citizen accessing the sscriptural money, which nowadays, in the 21st century is essential to all citizens, and relevant for the purposes of maintaining cohesion and public orders, since we live in a society whose proper functioning depends to a large extent on the performance of credit institutions, namely banks. As we well remember, after the global financial crisis, triggered in 2008 by the bankruptcy of a banking institution.
With the opening of a bank account begins a legal relationship, as a rule, of long lasting, between two parts, the client, and the bank. From the initial act - that of opening an account - there are, or may arise, many other acts with legal repercussions, both for the bank and the client. The question that came to be asked, inspiring this work, was the proper and correct qualification of that first act, in order, to determine the correct legal conformation of the material banking relationship, to identify what duties and rights are, from that moment on, impose on one party and another. After a correct legal conformation of the act of opening an account, it becomes possible to identify the origin of such duties, with the purpose of establishing the type of liability that can be issued to the parties in the event of a dispute. The question asked gets particularly relevant when we note the special public utility of some banking transactions and contracts, which can only take place after opening an account. From this point of view, our reflection relates to the extent that the appropriate legal conformation of the act of opening account has for the parties; considering it’s not provided or regulated in positive law, whether commercial or civil. Analysing from different perspectives, what we conclude is that the relationship between banks and clients, is a legal relationship of an intrinsically bondable nature. As a result of the conclusion of a contract, the maximum expression of that doctrinal construction, which main content is translated into the provision of special services, by banks in a professional manner, that only they can provide. Services that are summarize in the possibility of the ordinary citizen accessing the sscriptural money, which nowadays, in the 21st century is essential to all citizens, and relevant for the purposes of maintaining cohesion and public orders, since we live in a society whose proper functioning depends to a large extent on the performance of credit institutions, namely banks. As we well remember, after the global financial crisis, triggered in 2008 by the bankruptcy of a banking institution.
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Orientação: Maria do Rosário Anjos
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM DIREITO, DIREITO, LAW, DIREITO BANCÁRIO, BANKING LAW, CAPACIDADE JURÍDICA, LEGAL CAPACITY, RELAÇÃO JURÍDICA, LEGAL RELATION