Estudo dos processos motivacionais para a prática do Qígong (Chi Kung) e a associação deste com a prevenção das quedas e medo de cair, na população idosa
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2022
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Racional: Apesar da evidência científica sobre a importância de um estilo de vida ativo em
todo o ciclo de vida da pessoa, a inatividade física e o sedentarismo continuam a prevalecer,
podendo levar às comorbilidades ou à mortalidade prematura. Sendo o qígong uma atividade
motora organizada e para fins de saúde e de bem-estar, considerámos que poderia ser estudado,
com vista ao desenvolvimento de eventuais intervenções futuras, quer na promoção desse estilo
de vida ativo, quer na prevenção das quedas e medo de cair, pela população idosa.
Objetivo: Analisar os processos motivacionais para a prática do qígong e a associação deste
com a prevenção das quedas e medo de cair, na população idosa.
Método: Foi elaborada uma RSRL, utilizando o programa on-line CADIMA. Foi realizada uma
pesquisa entre Janeiro e Março de 2021, nas bases de dados PubMed e Google Scholar,
seguindo o modelo PICO, sob o tema da associação entre o qígong nas quedas e no medo de
cair na população idosa.
No segundo estudo foi elaborado um inquérito on-line, para se avaliar os processos
motivacionais subjacentes à prática do qígong, seguindo a Teoria da Autodeterminação.
Resultados: Para a RSRL, de 394 estudos identificados pelo CADIMA, ficaram cinco: três
RCT e dois quasi-experimental. Para a variável das “Quedas”, dois apresentaram melhorias do
equilíbrio funcional que apontam para uma redução da taxa de quedas. Para a variável do “Medo
de Cair”, dois apresentaram melhorias pelo incremento na auto-eficácia.
Para o segundo estudo, confirmou-se que quando as necessidades psicológicas básicas (NPB)
forem percecionadas como satisfeitas, isso associa-se a uma motivação mais autónoma, a maior
vitalidade e a mais bem-estar. Nomeadamente, as variáveis satisfação da autonomia e satisfação
do relacionamento, bem como objetivos intrínsecos, associaram-se a maior motivação
autónoma. Esta, por sua vez, foi a variável predita com maior associação à prática do qígong.
Quando se deu frustração das NPB, nomeadamente do relacionamento, isso associou-se a uma
motivação controlada. Os objetivos intrínsecos (com a variável competências) e os extrínsecos
(com a imagem corporal) também tiveram o mesmo tipo de comportamento. A frustração do
relacionamento associou-se negativamente, à vitalidade e à sensação de bem-estar.
Conclusão: O qígong, por ser um tipo de exercício de baixo impacto e não dispendioso, e sendo
procurado para promoção da saúde, está associado a processos motivacionais ligados à
manutenção da atividade física. A RSRL confirma os resultados de literatura anterior que
sugerem que o qígong previne as quedas nos idosos e melhora o medo de cair. Também se conclui que uma prática continuada gera melhores resultados. O qígong parece ser apropriado
para intervenções que visem aumentar a atividade física e diminuir o sedentarismo, bem como
promoção dos níveis de saúde e diminuição dos gastos públicos com esta.
Palavras Chave: Tai Chi, auto-eficácia, Teoria da Autodeterminação, motivação, necessidades
psicológicas básicas, vitalidade.
Rational: Despite scientific evidence on the importance of an active lifestyle throughout a person's life cycle, physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle continue to prevail, which can lead to comorbidities or premature mortality. Since qigong is an organized motor activity and for health and well-being purposes, we considered that it could be studied, with a view to developing possible future interventions, either in the promotion of this active lifestyle, or in the prevention of falls and fear of falling, by the elderly population. Objective: To analyze the motivational processes for the practice of qigong and its association with the prevention of falls and fear of falling, in the elderly population. Method: An RSRL was created using the CADIMA online program. A survey was carried out between January and March 2021, in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, following the PICO model, under the theme of the association between qigong in falls and fear of falling, in the elderly population. The second study differed from the one initially planned, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and an online survey was therefore prepared to assess the motivational processes underlying the practice of qigong, following the Theory of Self-Determination. Results: For the RSRL, of the 394 studies identified by CADIMA, five remained: three RCT and two quasi-experimental. For the “Falls”, two showed improvements in functional balance that point to a reduction in the rate of falls. For “Fear of Falling”, two showed improvements due to the increase in self-efficacy. For the second study, it was confirmed that when basic psychological needs (BPN) are perceived as being satisfied, this is associated with more autonomous motivation, greater vitality and more well-being. Higher levels of frustration in BPN are not associated with this type of motivation, but with controlled ones. Autonomous motivation was the best predictor for qigong practice, in the intrinsic objective variables, autonomy satisfaction and relationship satisfaction. For controlled motivation, relationship frustration, intrinsic goals with skills and extrinsic goals with body image appear. Relationship frustration is negatively associated with vitality and a sense of well-being. Conclusion: Qigong being a low-impact and inexpensive exercise and being sought after for health promotion, is associated with motivational processes linked to the maintenance of physical activity. This RSRL confirms the results of previous literature that suggest that qigong prevents falls in the elderly and improves the fear of falling. It is also concluded that a continued practice generates better results. Qigong seems to be appropriate for interventions that aim to increase physical activity and reduce physical inactivity, as well as promoting health levels and reducing public spending on it. Keywords: Tai Chi, self-efficacy, Self-Determination Theory, motivation, basic psychological needs, vitality.
Rational: Despite scientific evidence on the importance of an active lifestyle throughout a person's life cycle, physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle continue to prevail, which can lead to comorbidities or premature mortality. Since qigong is an organized motor activity and for health and well-being purposes, we considered that it could be studied, with a view to developing possible future interventions, either in the promotion of this active lifestyle, or in the prevention of falls and fear of falling, by the elderly population. Objective: To analyze the motivational processes for the practice of qigong and its association with the prevention of falls and fear of falling, in the elderly population. Method: An RSRL was created using the CADIMA online program. A survey was carried out between January and March 2021, in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, following the PICO model, under the theme of the association between qigong in falls and fear of falling, in the elderly population. The second study differed from the one initially planned, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and an online survey was therefore prepared to assess the motivational processes underlying the practice of qigong, following the Theory of Self-Determination. Results: For the RSRL, of the 394 studies identified by CADIMA, five remained: three RCT and two quasi-experimental. For the “Falls”, two showed improvements in functional balance that point to a reduction in the rate of falls. For “Fear of Falling”, two showed improvements due to the increase in self-efficacy. For the second study, it was confirmed that when basic psychological needs (BPN) are perceived as being satisfied, this is associated with more autonomous motivation, greater vitality and more well-being. Higher levels of frustration in BPN are not associated with this type of motivation, but with controlled ones. Autonomous motivation was the best predictor for qigong practice, in the intrinsic objective variables, autonomy satisfaction and relationship satisfaction. For controlled motivation, relationship frustration, intrinsic goals with skills and extrinsic goals with body image appear. Relationship frustration is negatively associated with vitality and a sense of well-being. Conclusion: Qigong being a low-impact and inexpensive exercise and being sought after for health promotion, is associated with motivational processes linked to the maintenance of physical activity. This RSRL confirms the results of previous literature that suggest that qigong prevents falls in the elderly and improves the fear of falling. It is also concluded that a continued practice generates better results. Qigong seems to be appropriate for interventions that aim to increase physical activity and reduce physical inactivity, as well as promoting health levels and reducing public spending on it. Keywords: Tai Chi, self-efficacy, Self-Determination Theory, motivation, basic psychological needs, vitality.
Descrição
Orientação: João Labisa da Silva Palmeira
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM EXERCÍCIO E BEM-ESTAR, DESPORTO, BEM-ESTAR, ARTES MARCIAIS, TEORIA DA AUTODETERMINAÇÃO, MOTIVAÇÃO, NECESSIDADES HUMANAS FUNDAMENTAIS, SPORT, WELL-BEING, MARTIAL ARTS, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY, MOTIVATION, FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN NEEDS, TAI CHI