Cláusulas contratuais gerais: o controlo de inclusão e do conteúdo
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2013
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Nesta nossa vivência hodierna, marcada pelo surgimento de relações cada vez mais
complexas, somos constantemente colocados numa encruzilhada de contratos que a todo
o momento celebramos, muitas vezes sem disso darmos conta.
Não nos referimos àqueles tradicionais contratos conformados através do diálogo
entre duas pessoas livres e iguais. Referimo-nos sim àqueles contratos cujas cláusulas são
conformadas prévia e unilateralmente e a outra parte ou as aceita ou as rejeita.
Trata-se de negócios contratuais cujo conteúdo já foi previamente redigido, total ou
parcialmente, pelo proponente, com o objetivo de ser aplicado, sem prévia negociação,
de forma geral e abstrata, a contratações futuras.
Como consequência destas características, o aderente, parte mais fraca nesta
relação contratual, vê-se normalmente desprotegido, desamparado, num plano de
inferioridade. A contraparte, o proponente, já se precaveu e já assegurou para si grande
parte dos benefícios, deixando na esfera do cliente a maioria das obrigações e dos riscos
ínsitos no contrato.
Os diversos Estados foram sensíveis a este abuso e desde cedo se iniciou um
processo regulativo tendente a combater este desequilíbrio presente na grande maioria
destes esquemas negociais.
Para além de fazer uma breve incursão sobre o que mais significativo haverá a
referir acerca dos contratos celebrados com recurso a cláusulas contratuais gerais, e
tendo essencialmente por base o Decreto-lei 446/85, de 25 de Outubro e as suas duas
alterações, diploma que regula esta matéria, este trabalho incidirá, essencialmente, sobre
dois aspetos de crucial importância nesta modalidade contratual:
- o controlo de inclusão, ou seja, as regras a observar pelas partes na fase negocial para
que as cláusulas da matéria que se propõem tratar sejam incluídas nos respetivos
contratos;
- o controlo de conteúdo que é, na realidade, uma fiscalização incidente sobre o conteúdo
ínsito nas cláusulas contratuais.
In this modern life, characterized by the increase of complex relationships, we are constantly faced on a crossroad of contracts that we firm continuously without proper perception. We meant not those traditional contracts based upon the value of a dialogue between two parties, both free and equal. We are mentioning here the contracts whose terms are build by only one party and the counterpart will accept or reject it. We are referring here contractual business which the text has already been written, totally or partially, by the proponent, to be applied, without previous negotiation, on a general and vague form, to future contracts. As a consequence of these characteristics, the counterpart, usually the weakest link on this relation will very often become more unprotected and helpless, that means, in a disadvantaged situation. The offer has already protect its interest, assuring for itself most of the benefits, keeping for the acceptant the major obligations and risks arising from the contract. Various Governments were sensitive to this abuse and early from the beginning rules were established in order to the disappearance of this disequilibrium existing on most business contracts. Along with a survey upon the most relevant aspects of contracts based on general terms, and built upon the Decreto-lei 446/85 of October the 25th and the two following changes, diploma that regulates this subject, this work will be made essentially according with two aspects of crucial importance on this kind of contracts: - The inclusion control, that means, the rules to be observed by the two parties on the negotional phase so the terms of the matter that are planned to be dealed can be included on the content based on the contractual terms; - The content control, that means in fact, a fiscalization based on the content present on the contractual terms.
In this modern life, characterized by the increase of complex relationships, we are constantly faced on a crossroad of contracts that we firm continuously without proper perception. We meant not those traditional contracts based upon the value of a dialogue between two parties, both free and equal. We are mentioning here the contracts whose terms are build by only one party and the counterpart will accept or reject it. We are referring here contractual business which the text has already been written, totally or partially, by the proponent, to be applied, without previous negotiation, on a general and vague form, to future contracts. As a consequence of these characteristics, the counterpart, usually the weakest link on this relation will very often become more unprotected and helpless, that means, in a disadvantaged situation. The offer has already protect its interest, assuring for itself most of the benefits, keeping for the acceptant the major obligations and risks arising from the contract. Various Governments were sensitive to this abuse and early from the beginning rules were established in order to the disappearance of this disequilibrium existing on most business contracts. Along with a survey upon the most relevant aspects of contracts based on general terms, and built upon the Decreto-lei 446/85 of October the 25th and the two following changes, diploma that regulates this subject, this work will be made essentially according with two aspects of crucial importance on this kind of contracts: - The inclusion control, that means, the rules to be observed by the two parties on the negotional phase so the terms of the matter that are planned to be dealed can be included on the content based on the contractual terms; - The content control, that means in fact, a fiscalization based on the content present on the contractual terms.
Descrição
Orientação: Almeno de Sá
Palavras-chave
MESTRADO EM DIREITO, DIREITO, CONTRATOS, CLÁUSULAS CONTRATUAIS, LAW, CONTRACTS, CONTRACT CLAUSES