Contrato de abertura de crédito : o direito do creditado ao crédito
Miniatura indisponível
Data
2024
Autores
Título da revista
ISSN da revista
Título do Volume
Editora
Resumo
A abertura de crédito surge, nos dias de hoje, como um tipo contratual que apresenta uma profunda difusão na comunidade social - especialmente, na mercantil -, visando, as mais das vezes, enfrentar projetos para os quais os interessados (creditados) necessitam de financiamento externo. Desde já, importa salientar que circunscreveremos esta nossa dissertação à abertura de crédito tendo como creditado as sociedades comerciais, por ser esse o âmbito mais comum deste tipo de operação bancária. Neste contexto, apresenta-se como uma operação ativa de Banco (creditante), potenciando um aumento da solvabilidade de todos aqueles que pretendem efetuar investimentos em empreendimentos para os quais não têm, no momento, a necessária liquidez. Apesar de não regulada especificamente, quanto ao respetivo regime, no ordenamento jurídico luso, a abertura de crédito assume uma regulamentação (ainda que diminuta) em sistemas normativos diversos, a exemplo do italiano, maxime nos artigos 1842º a 1845 do Codice. Por seu turno, a abertura de crédito - nas suas diversas modalidades - apresenta vantagens indubitáveis face a outros tipos contratuais de financiamento externo, como é disso exemplo o contrato de mútuo bancário, permitindo ao cliente utilizar os fundos seu objeto, se pretender, e no momento que considerar conveniente e oportuno. Destarte, diferencia-se de um conjunto de outros modelos contratuais com os quais apresenta, todavia, caraterísticas próximas, nomeadamente no que tange ao facto de se demonstrarem formas de financiamento levadas a cabo por terceiros. Assim sendo, e apesar da atipicidade que a carateriza decorrente da sua não regulação específica na ordem jurídica portuguesa - à semelhança, aliás, do que sucede na generalidade dos países de raiz normativa romano-germânica -, a abertura de crédito ostenta uma sedimentação dos seus caracteres internos, fruto de algum labor doutrinal e jurisprudencial, ainda que o consenso sobre a respetiva natureza jurídica esteja longe de ser alcançado. Movida pelos valores da confiança (accreditamento) e da disponibilidade de fundos (que não, somente, de capitais monetários), a abertura de crédito responde, de forma adequada, às necessidades hodiernas de financiamento dos agentes económicos, nomeadamente das sociedades comerciais, tendo em consideração, igualmente, as vantagens de que é detentora - maxime antes do uso do crédito disponibilizado - para o financiado, especialmente no que concerne ao pagamento dos juros correspondentes. É justamente neste contexto que se deverá enunciar a célebre expressão do insigne jurista JOAQUIN GARRIGUES, quando refere que a abertura de crédito corresponde (passe a redundância) a "um direito de crédito (do creditado) a obter crédito". De facto, no seu domínio nuclear, é este o direito (potestativo) que se demonstra concedido, ao creditado, com a formalização do contrato de abertura de crédito. Em adenda, saliente-se que, atendendo à míngua de doutrina nacional especializada a propósito da figura sub judice, optámos por fazer uso de construções intelectuais de vários autores estrangeiros, nomeadamente italianos e espanhóis - adaptando, sempre, as suas conceções ao consagrado na legislação nacional -, através de citações, não na respetiva língua materna, mas, outrossim, efetuando uma tradução literal para português, de molde a facilitar a perceção do tema. Quando tal não se demonstre adequado - especialmente, pela adoção original de termos técnicos -, as passagens das obras dos mencionados autores será efetuada na respetiva língua mãe. Atento o exposto, urge referir que a responsabilidade pela fidedignidade das expressões objeto da tradução é, em absoluto, nossa. É este o caminho que nos propomos percorrer, e trilhar, ao longo deste trabalho, no que diz respeito à figura da abertura de crédito. Palavras Chave: Abertura de crédito; Disponibilidade; Creditado; Creditante; Direito ao crédito.
Nowadays, the opening of credit is a type of contract that is widespread in the social community - especially in the commercial community - and is often aimed at tackling projects for which the interested parties (creditors) need external financing. From the outset, it is important to point out that we will confine this dissertation to the opening of credit with commercial companies as the creditor, as this is the most common scope of this type of banking operation. In this context, it is presented as an active operation by the Bank (creditor), boosting the solvency of all those who wish to invest in ventures for which they do not currently have the necessary liquidity. Although the opening of credit is not specifically regulated in the Portuguese legal system, it is regulated (albeit sparsely) in other legal systems, such as Italy's, most notably in articles 1842 to 1845 of the Codice. On the other hand, the opening of credit - in its various forms - has undoubted advantages over other types of external financing contracts, such as the bank loan agreement, allowing the client to use the funds that are the object of it, if they wish, and at the time they consider convenient and opportune. As such, it differs from a number of other contractual models with which it nevertheless has similar characteristics, particularly with regard to the fact that it demonstrates forms of financing carried out by third parties. Therefore, and despite the atypical nature that characterizes it due to the fact that it is not specifically regulated in the Portuguese legal system - as is the case in most countries with Roman-Germanic normative roots - the opening of credit boasts a sedimentation of its internal characteristics, the result of some doctrinal and jurisprudential work, although consensus on its legal nature is far from being reached. Driven by the values of trust (accreditamento) and the availability of funds (other than just monetary capital), the opening of credit responds adequately to the modern financing needs of economic agents, particularly commercial companies, while also taking into account the advantages it offers - particularly before the use of the credit made available - to the financed party, especially with regard to the payment of the corresponding interest.It is precisely in this context that the famous expression of the eminent jurist JOAQUIN GARRIGUES should be stated, when he says that the opening of credit corresponds (pass the redundancy) to “a credit right (of the creditor) to obtain credit”. In fact, in its core area, this is the (potestative) right that is granted to the creditor with the formalization of the credit opening contract. In addition, given the lack of specialized national doctrine on the subject, we have opted to use the intellectual constructions of various foreign authors, namely Italian and Spanish - always adapting their conceptions to what is enshrined in national legislation - through quotations, not in their mother tongue, but by making a literal translation into Portuguese, in order to facilitate the perception of the subject. When this is not appropriate - especially due to the original adoption of technical terms - the passages from the works of the aforementioned authors will be made in their mother tongue. In view of the above, it should be noted that the responsibility for the reliability of the expressions translated is entirely ours. This is the path that we intend to follow throughout this work, with regard to the figure of the opening of credit. Key words: Opening of credit; Availability; Credited; Creditor; Right to credit.
Nowadays, the opening of credit is a type of contract that is widespread in the social community - especially in the commercial community - and is often aimed at tackling projects for which the interested parties (creditors) need external financing. From the outset, it is important to point out that we will confine this dissertation to the opening of credit with commercial companies as the creditor, as this is the most common scope of this type of banking operation. In this context, it is presented as an active operation by the Bank (creditor), boosting the solvency of all those who wish to invest in ventures for which they do not currently have the necessary liquidity. Although the opening of credit is not specifically regulated in the Portuguese legal system, it is regulated (albeit sparsely) in other legal systems, such as Italy's, most notably in articles 1842 to 1845 of the Codice. On the other hand, the opening of credit - in its various forms - has undoubted advantages over other types of external financing contracts, such as the bank loan agreement, allowing the client to use the funds that are the object of it, if they wish, and at the time they consider convenient and opportune. As such, it differs from a number of other contractual models with which it nevertheless has similar characteristics, particularly with regard to the fact that it demonstrates forms of financing carried out by third parties. Therefore, and despite the atypical nature that characterizes it due to the fact that it is not specifically regulated in the Portuguese legal system - as is the case in most countries with Roman-Germanic normative roots - the opening of credit boasts a sedimentation of its internal characteristics, the result of some doctrinal and jurisprudential work, although consensus on its legal nature is far from being reached. Driven by the values of trust (accreditamento) and the availability of funds (other than just monetary capital), the opening of credit responds adequately to the modern financing needs of economic agents, particularly commercial companies, while also taking into account the advantages it offers - particularly before the use of the credit made available - to the financed party, especially with regard to the payment of the corresponding interest.It is precisely in this context that the famous expression of the eminent jurist JOAQUIN GARRIGUES should be stated, when he says that the opening of credit corresponds (pass the redundancy) to “a credit right (of the creditor) to obtain credit”. In fact, in its core area, this is the (potestative) right that is granted to the creditor with the formalization of the credit opening contract. In addition, given the lack of specialized national doctrine on the subject, we have opted to use the intellectual constructions of various foreign authors, namely Italian and Spanish - always adapting their conceptions to what is enshrined in national legislation - through quotations, not in their mother tongue, but by making a literal translation into Portuguese, in order to facilitate the perception of the subject. When this is not appropriate - especially due to the original adoption of technical terms - the passages from the works of the aforementioned authors will be made in their mother tongue. In view of the above, it should be noted that the responsibility for the reliability of the expressions translated is entirely ours. This is the path that we intend to follow throughout this work, with regard to the figure of the opening of credit. Key words: Opening of credit; Availability; Credited; Creditor; Right to credit.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
LAW, CREDIT, CREDIT MANAGEMENT, MESTRADO EM DIREITO, DIREITO, CRÉDITO, GESTÃO DE CRÉDITOS, Mestrado em Direito (Lisboa)