Cardiomiopatia hipertrófica em gato : revisão bibliográfica e descrição de 3 casos clínicos
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2023
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A presente dissertação foi realizada no âmbito de conclusão do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária, com o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento acerca do tema Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica em gatos. Para tal, procedeu-se a uma revisão bibliográfica acerca do tema e a exposição de 3 casos clínicos, acompanhados pela autora durante o seu estágio curricular. Com este trabalho foi também possível comparar a realidade clínica com o que é descrito na literatura. A Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica é a doença cardíaca mais comum em gatos adultos, e define-se como uma hipertrofia concêntrica primária do ventrículo esquerdo, sendo uma patologia que pode ou não ter manifestação clínica. As alterações clínicas comumente encontradas incluem sopro e/ou ruído de galope à auscultação cardíaca, taquipneia, dispneia, hipotermia, anorexia, letargia, síncope, fraqueza e, em casos mais graves, pode cursar com tromboembolismo arterial. A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica é considerada um diagnóstico de exclusão, pelo que devem ser descartadas todas a possíveis causas secundárias de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Para além de um exame clínico completo, os exames complementares de diagnóstico comumente realizados incluem a ecocardiografia, eletrocardiografia, medição dos biomarcadores cardíacos, medição da pressão arterial, radiografia torácica, medição da tiroxina e testes genéticos (quando justificável). O tratamento e o prognóstico baseiam-se no estadio da doença e nas comorbilidades que o animal apresenta. Não obstante, gatos com doença considerada grave e com sinais de insuficiência cardíaca tendem a ter um prognóstico reservado. Apesar de não haver cura para esta doença, o diagnóstico e tratamento precoce, assim como reavaliações frequentes, permitem estabilizar o animal e melhorar a sua qualidade de vida. Palavras-chave: hipertrofia; gatos; insuficiência cardíaca; ecocardiografia; cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.
This dissertation was conducted as part of the completion of the Integrated Master's Degree in Veterinary Medicine, with the aim of deepening the knowledge about Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in cats. To achieve this, a literature review on the subject was conducted, and three clinical cases were presented, which were followed by the author during her internship. This work also allowed for a comparison of clinical reality with what is described in the literature. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is the most common heart disease in adult cats and is defined as primary concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, being a condition that may or may not have clinical manifestations. Common clinical alterations include heart murmurs and/or gallop sounds on cardiac auscultation, tachypnea, dyspnea, hypothermia, anorexia, lethargy, syncope, weakness, and in more severe cases, signs of arterial thromboembolism. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is considered a diagnosis of exclusion, and all possible secondary causes of left ventricular hypertrophy should be ruled out. In addition to a thorough clinical examination, commonly performed diagnostic tests include echocardiography, electrocardiography, measurement of cardiac biomarkers and blood pressure, thoracic radiography, thyroid hormone measurement and genetic testing (when justified). Treatment and prognosis are based on the stage of the disease and the comorbidities that the animal presents. However, cats with severe disease and signs of heart failure tend to have a guarded prognosis. Although there is no cure for this disease, early diagnosis and treatment, along with frequent reassessments, can help stabilize the animal and improve its quality of life. Keywords: hypertrophy; cats; heart failure; echocardiography; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
This dissertation was conducted as part of the completion of the Integrated Master's Degree in Veterinary Medicine, with the aim of deepening the knowledge about Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in cats. To achieve this, a literature review on the subject was conducted, and three clinical cases were presented, which were followed by the author during her internship. This work also allowed for a comparison of clinical reality with what is described in the literature. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is the most common heart disease in adult cats and is defined as primary concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, being a condition that may or may not have clinical manifestations. Common clinical alterations include heart murmurs and/or gallop sounds on cardiac auscultation, tachypnea, dyspnea, hypothermia, anorexia, lethargy, syncope, weakness, and in more severe cases, signs of arterial thromboembolism. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is considered a diagnosis of exclusion, and all possible secondary causes of left ventricular hypertrophy should be ruled out. In addition to a thorough clinical examination, commonly performed diagnostic tests include echocardiography, electrocardiography, measurement of cardiac biomarkers and blood pressure, thoracic radiography, thyroid hormone measurement and genetic testing (when justified). Treatment and prognosis are based on the stage of the disease and the comorbidities that the animal presents. However, cats with severe disease and signs of heart failure tend to have a guarded prognosis. Although there is no cure for this disease, early diagnosis and treatment, along with frequent reassessments, can help stabilize the animal and improve its quality of life. Keywords: hypertrophy; cats; heart failure; echocardiography; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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VETERINARY MEDICINE, CATS, HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY, HEART FAILURE, ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, MESTRADO INTEGRADO EM MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA, VETERINÁRIA, MEDICINA VETERINÁRIA, GATOS, CARDIOMIOPATIA HIPERTRÓFICA, INSUFICIÊNCIA CARDÍACA, ECOCARDIOGRAFIA, Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária