Revista Lusófona de Arquitectura e Educação nº 11 (2014)

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    Research and practice: full-size practical constructions for the development of innovative lithic prototypes
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Fallacara, Giuseppe; Calabria, Claudia; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    The construction of full scale architectural elements has the double purpose of experimental control for researchers and teaching resource for students. In the first case model allows to make an experimental verification, creating a reference point to confirm or refute the starting hypothesis. The second function makes possible to stimulate students’ way of thinking, involving both abstract and concrete design aspects. This link between research, teaching and practice of construction is shown in various examples. This relation represents a necessary element in order to successfully proceed in the advance of architectural experimentation.
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    Competitions serve a larger purpose in architectural knowledge
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Guilherme, Pedro Miguel Hernandez Salvador; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    The Beaux-Arts programme was structured around a series of anonymouscompetitions that culminated in the grand prix de ‘l'Académie Royale’, more wellknown as the ‘Grand Prix de Rome’, for its winner was awarded a scholarship and aplace at the French Academy in Rome. During the stay in Rome, the ‘pensionnaire’would be expected to regularly send his work in progress back to Paris. Contestantsfor the Prix were assigned a theme from the literature of Classical Antiquity; theirindividual identities were kept secret to avoid any suspicion of favour.These competitions ensured that the fundamental hierarchy of the members of theacademia (the teachers and juries: who defined what good art and architecture was)and those that would ascend to it (the students: who were prized and hence were thegood artists and architects) and perpetuated a secular way to ascend to stardom.The use of competitions in the traditional ‘studio’ class is still a current practice inuniversities. The class is provided with a ‘live’ project or a model case study problem, asite and a context, a fixed timetable, and each student is expected to research inarchitecture in order to present (using predetermined models and mediums) his finalconclusions (statements). Each personal architectural research is in fact subjected toan ‘informal’ (unstated) merit competition (were the teachers take the part of clients,sponsors and juries), to a peer evaluation, in order to prove its author’s right to, stepby step, become a graduated architect. The research is validated by the competitionand assures the originality of the research, its significance and rigour.There are of course mixed feelings towards competitions by different parts -architects; clients; juries or sponsors – and in face of personal past experience. Yet, itis undeniable the role and value of competitions in the process of generating aqualitative built environment. In general, competitions can bring out the best inpeople and are a way to achieve excellence in design. It can be stated that a largemajority of competitions is experienced daily either as users or as passers-by sincemost public buildings in Europe are subjected to competitions procedures.Therefore, along their professional practice, licenced architects outside the academiaand in praxis, seem to continue a personal architectural research within professionalarchitectural competitions. There are evidences that, besides the investment indeliberate or improvised practice’s business strategies, architects use competitions asfundamental research opportunities.So I intend to put forward that competitions served once (and still do) as a specificway of peer evaluating the architectural research in academia. Architecturalcompetitions are in fact a time and a space were academia and praxis connect andmay, to certain extent, constitute prove of Schon’s research-in-action and Till’sevidence of “architecture [as] a form of knowledge that can [, is] and should bedeveloped through research”.
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    Learning from Markethall
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Keppl, Julián; Sichman, Martin; Síp, Lukás; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    Faculty of Architecture in cooperation student studio project. Its main topic of Old Market hall in Bratislava. Objective operational and social qualities to this work ranged from analytical to the realization 1:1 scale or prototypes of critical details signed architectural interventions, solved quently constructed those details in the tails often resulted in the change of studio aimed at promoting active working the design process.
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    Craftsmanship in Architecture
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Herres, Uli Matthias; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    In my dissertation at the ETH Zurich and the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, I examine the role that crafted production of buildings plays for architectural space. A crucial point is the question of specific forms of knowledge. On the one hand, both craftsmanship and architectural design rely heavily on tacit forms of knowledge (skills, experience) in addition to communicable knowledge. Secondly,the erection of built architecture can be seen as a system of distributed knowledge,where the transfer of knowledge from the architect towards the craftspeople is crucial for the successful implementation of an architectural concept into physical space. The methodology includes the investigation of case study buildings. One aspect of the survey could be named "Reverse Design". Here, the process of the making of a building is re-experienced to be able to consciously reflect upon design decisions and problem-solving strategies. One aim is to make aspects of the tacit knowledge (experience) of the construction process communicable.
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    Learning from actor network theory: bridging the gap between research in science and research by design
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Bradbury, Simon; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    This paper explores how an alternative understanding of the development ofscientific knowledge through the work of Bruno Latour can help to bridge the gapbetween knowledge produced through practice-based research and conventionalresearch outputs.The paper reviews the history of the debate of what constitutes practice-basedresearch outputs drawing from the work of Frayling (1993) and Archer (1995). Anunderstanding of practice-based research is developed that goes beyond a simplisticview of a building or artefact as a research output or “mute object” (Till 2012).This is considered in the context of the work of Bruno Latour (1987, 2005) and otherswho have tried to show how the construction of scientific facts is produced as afunction of both the ‘objects’ and ‘social’ context of science.Through reviewing practice-based research submissions from RAE 2008 the paperexplores how we may re-conceive both the normative models of research outputs(peer reviewed academic papers) and the products of architecture practice (buildingsand artefacts) and conceive them both as part of the same network of knowledgeproduction. This is then discussed in the practical context of a practice-based research project into low energy housing.In doing so the paper suggest this new understanding will elevate the importance ofrigorous practice-based research while overcoming the challenges faced inconventional research in the constant desire to show impact from research projects.
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    Why architectural design and research are not more relevant in the real world?
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Komac, Urša; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    Architecture, to be successful, has to be influential and relevant. It cannot thrive byitself, apart from the world. Resources are limited. Costs and benefits are not borne only by the client. The growing suburbia, based on standardised vulgarisation of styles of the past has become to be the most successful contemporary residential typology. Suburbia is not only prevalent, in its most vile form, in North America and,in a more amiable form, in Europe, but it’s threatening to attract the aspirational middle class in the overpopulated, thriving emerging economies. The ongoing transferof the office park, shopping mall and detached suburban house model is leading to construction of horrendously unliveable mega-non-cities like Jakarta or Kuala Lumpur.I believe architects should influence decision-makers on the search of alternatives tomake cities walkable, cyclable, connected, and efficient. These alternatives must lie beyond the mixture of naïveté and kitsch of the so-called New Urbanism
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    Research by Design : Research through Design
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Geissbühler, Dieter; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    This paper is to be read in context with the paper of Uli Herres (next paper in this journal), since the two explain the handling of specific forms of knowledge in the Master of Arts in Architecture course at the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and in the related Research Group Material Structure Energy in Architecture.Research by Design is established in the curricula of teaching as well as in research ondifferent levels from regular teaching in architecture to the PhD program. The interaction is a two directional, meaning that teaching influences research as research influences teaching. The concept of combining theory and practice in the Master of Arts in Architecture course at the HSLU – T&A forms the basis of the concept of research by design as applied by the Research Group Material Structure Energy in Architecture.The Master course in architecture is directly linked to the work of the Research Group,a request that has been stated by the governmental guidelines for the introduction of a master program in architecture at the universities of applied sciences in Switzerland.The University of Applied sciences and Arts Lucerne took this opportunity to establish a model that introduces the interaction of design methods with scientific methods in three steps. The basis is set with a distinct content linked to the credo “building as system” of the Department Technique and Architecture. This meant a clear focusing on issues directly linked to the design of buildings
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    The relational space: designing new urban hinges in suspended edge places
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Aquilar, Giorgia; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    The research on tentative strategies for designing spaces which reveal themselves as relational, choral, shared, participated, gains new meanings and renovated urgencies under the changing conditions of contemporary architectures, landscapes and cities.Object of inquiry is the complex whole of transitional spaces, intermediate places,suspended fragments hovering among different morphological, historical, social contexts, expressing unexplored potentialities as new urban hinges. These mediatedjoint-spaces – acting as relational devices – provide the opportunity to reflect on theovercoming of the traditional theme of public urban space. Therefore the sustained hypothesis resides in the turning of the idea of "relation" from a conceptual device –for the interpretation of space quality – into a strategic tool with multiple methodological values, whose implications may be investigated through the concrete experience of the project.
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    Research by design in architecture: an approach into the exploratory research phase
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Almeida, Maria Rita Pais Ramos Abreu de; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    In the scope of design, research has been a difficult issue to respond to the real necessities throughout the process of thinking. Even the “design” word is meant to beused in several different fields of knowledge and practice (from industrial design,computation systems to architecture).Concerning Research by Design (RbD), there is a sense of vagueness, both in terms ofmethodology and aims. That’s the result of its own essence: design is the result of a big creative endeavour and research is focused in concrete results due to certain questions or problems.Focusing in the architecture discipline, RbD is commonly the most used work methodology.In this sense, we can say that there are so many RbD as many architects and architecture students in the world. So can we improve this kind of research and take it to another level, integrating it into the field of the so called traditional research? The purpose of this paper is to understand more about the “exploratory phase” in theRbD approach. This phase is based in data and collected information as well as individual experience. This paper tries to understand and improve the critical thinking implicit in the “exploratory research”. This critical thinking is linked to certain “strategic questions” and “operational links” that guide the researcher into a more understandable research practice. The final aim is to lead the RbD to a more sustained internal validity (satisfactory conclusions among the variables experimented) andexternal validity (generalise the findings to an appropriate community).
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    Transreal topographies : manifesting the unconscious
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Kypraiou, Diony; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    Drawing largely upon a study of the ‘transreal’1 topographies of the late 19th century,with a focus on the Freudian topographic constructions through drawings and criticalreviews of Freud’s own writings, this paper examines the role of the unconscious as adrive in the creative design process and its impact on the conception, perception andexperience of space. In an attempt to examine the relation between the Freudianunconscious and the space, this paper presents a set of constructed topographies,including the actual psychoanalytical setting and, a recreation of Freud’s desk, as themanifested topography of his own unconscious. Operating as an analogical act of‘unearthing’ that ‘brings to light’ a multiplicity of layers where unconscious appearsanalogous to physical space; this paper aims at a negotiation of ‘transreal’topographies as extended projections of instincts, desires, fantasies and fears; a siteof mutation that-‘as an expanse of ruins’-demands a disruption to reveal the depthof its spatiality
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    A passage in action research
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Coxito, António; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    With different conditions and levels, one can find in contemporary wealthy societies potential situations for the intervention of the architect where it is assumed an intentional avoidance of their presence, that can result in squats, ecovillages or many unnoticed who seek autonomy from something or someone.While in a theoretical research on architecture without architects a systematic enquiry can be produced without taking the part of the subject, in practice based research on the same subject, to keep its character can result in an artifact not validvis-a-vis the architects practice, albeit presenting the printed document with the appropriate tools and methods for an academic research.In the present research it is simulated a situation of scarcity, including the absence ofthe presence of the architects skills.
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    Research by Design—situating practice-based research as part of a tradition of knowledge production, exemplified through the works of le Corbusier
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Hauberg, Jørgen; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    Research by design concerns the various ways in which design and research are generallyinterconnected in the production of new knowledge through the act of designing.This paper discusses the role and value of research by design especially through theworks of Le Corbusier. It seeks to demonstrate, how the development of types andprograms contributes to theory building in architectural research. Le Corbusier’s developmentof a constructive system (from the Dom-ino houses to an actual skeletonframe), a dwelling type (from Maison Citrohan to universal block of flats) and a citymodel(from a City of Three Million Inhabitants to a Linear Industrial City) representsa reflective practice through which architectural theory is developed in direct engagementwith the basic media of architecture: objects, sketches, diagrams, notationsand texts.The paper suggests that work like Le Corbusier’s, although never intended as research,demonstrates a hybrid practice between design and theory, which reachesbeyond the single projects and unique piece of work, and contributes to theory buildingthrough research by design.The paper presents building types – examples and proposals developed by the author.The intention is to illustrate a combined practice of investigating architecture’shistory and theory with designing, and is presented as examples of research bydesign.
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    Levels of innovation in architectural design
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Nazidizaji, Sajjad; Tomé, Ana; Regateiro, Francisco; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    There are different methods for evaluation of architectural design. Novelty, utility and contribution to the society are relevant concerns to be considered in such methods. Most of methods, do not address novelty sufficiently. In TRIZ theory (Theory of inventive problem solving) in order to describe novelty, five levels of innovation have been defined. These levels have been recognized by investigation on thousands of registered patents. Levels have been defined based on the quantity and quality of contradictions that have been solved in patents. Also the theory has considered required domains of technology and knowledge and required number of trial and error for solving problems in each level. This study aims to investigate about adaptability of these five levels to evaluation of architectural design projects. Several aspects and approaches including FPM (function/principle/market) model, level model for art, system changes, solved contradiction and required knowledge were compared. In conclusion a formula for calculating levels of innovation in architectural projects was proposed. The proposed formula comprehensively measures the innovation levels of building system and subsystems.
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    Architectural design research through cinematic collage
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Troiani, Igea; Carless, Tonia; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    This essay argues that cinematic representation can, and must, be understood as a method of developing a form of critical architectural enquiry and thinking in the same manner as text - a textual analysis and a communication means for practice-based research. The proposition is that cinematic architectural drawing and the discourse of occupied space are inseparable and that the limits of both are products of specific ideological and cultural practices. In this essay, two different bodies of iterative cinematic collage research practice are considered. Both sets of representations present new rigorously created architectural design knowledge and refer to the contention by Claude Lévis-Strauss (1966/1962:16-17) that the practice of the bricoleur, understood here as architect-bricoleur, is in marked contrast to the measurable output of the scientist, or architectural design scientist.
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    Poiesis or semiosis in architectural design practice
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Verbruggen, Sven; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    We inquire into architectural design theory1 to find ways out of the gridlocks thatoccur in the design process. When mining for guidance, it becomes clear that - toparaphrase biosemiotician Victoria N. Alexander - ‘we need to better understand creativity (poietics) to supplement and enhance our understanding of already established habit (semiotics).’ (Alexander, 2013) Knowing the difference between a habitual association and a radical novelty allows us to define convention and invention more accurately. It leads to an important implication for architectural design theories. We will learn that prescriptive theory that intends to provide direct solutions - or positive feedback - can only instruct on conventional design decisions- already-established habits. By implication, if we want prescriptive theory to guide toward innovating design ideas it can only do so by reflecting on what creativity isconstrained by. Thus, an essential part of theory should provide negative feedback and address clearly what not to do, which conventions should be put up for debate,both on an individual level as well as on the level of the discipline.
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    Material experimentation in Peter Zumthor’s creative process: research design through material inquiry
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Ventura, Susana; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    Material experimentation in Peter Zumthor’s creative process seeks to explain the different materials experimentations present in the creative process of Peter Zumthor which lead him to the final work of architecture, resulting in his atmospheres.Experimentation processes are mainly characteristic of avant-garde architectures that develop new forms of thought in architecture design, however mainly through form paradigms and models. Nonetheless, Zumthor has been inquiring and creating experimental processes through material composition, rooted in the work of land artists such as Joseph Beuys or Mario Merz, that imply the overall design of the final work of architecture. The present paper explain several experimental processes present in a series of Peter Zumthor’s works, with an important focus to the design process of the Serpentine Summer Pavilion during 2011, one of the works the author has accompanied Zumthor during its process of creation during her PhD research.
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    Communicating the dialectic between subjective ‘creativity’ and objective ‘rigor’ in design research; A case study of a multi-vocal mode of architectural criticism
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Kazerani, Isun Aisan; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    The objectivists’ distant view from the subject of study has long been prioritized overcreative subjective perspective in academia. This is while due to a certain level ofpersonal interpretation of any experiment, the pure ‘rigor’ of scientist approachescould be also challenged. However, acknowledging the advantage of multidimensionalexploration, this paper follows the notion of ‘oscillating subjectivity’,with a constant shift between projection of the object and the subject inrepresentation of a phenomenon. This position will be explored through a new modeof architectural criticism with a multi-vocal interpretation, which switches betweenthe inhabitation experience of the design outcome and a distant objective criticism ofthe design product. The critique will be represented textually and visually on a wellacclaimedpublic space, Olympic sculpture Park, through creating links between thedesign process, existing critical reviews as well as sensorial inhabitation of the space
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    Designing the urban: reflections on the role of theory in the individual design process
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Montague, Lucy; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    This paper offers an overview of PhD research that seeks to explore the ways in whichtheories in urban design might influence the individual creative process of urbandesign. Its objectives are to study existing theory related to design, examine theprocess of design and urban design, and relate knowledge of urban design theory tothe design process. Having reviewed possible research by design methodologies andidentified four approaches, a reflective one is taken based upon Donald Schön’s ‘TheReflective Practitioner’ (1983). This is executed through the generation of an urbandesign (site evaluation, framework and masterplan for a site in London) andaccompanying commentary that records the design activity, followed by an analysisof and reflection on the design and commentary offering insights into the use oftheory within the process
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    Design studio as a process of inquiry: the case of Studio Sao Paulo
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Barbosa, Eliana Rosa; DeMeulder, Bruno; Gerrits, Yuri; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    The paper stresses the potential of a Design Studio as a critical part of the inquiry process in Urbanism Research, using the experience of Studio Sao Paulo as casestudy. It explores what is a process of inquiry in a context of research in urbanism,discoursing on the potential of the design process as a tool to reveal hidden questions and processes on a territorial scale The research and its case study led to the establishment of Studio Sao Paulo, an undergraduate design studio in KULeuven, inwhich students develop their masters thesis in the context of Tietê´s flood plain. The experience so far, more than defining conclusions, stress some challenges toovercome, regarding research by design as methodological tool in an Urbanism PHD context
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    The city walls. an old theme for new urban spaces
    (Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2014) Miano, Pasquale; Escola de Comunicação, Arquitetura, Artes e Tecnologias da Informação
    The walls of the historic cities have always been an occasion to reason about urbanopen spaces. Suffice it to think at the ancient settlements, where the areas excludedby the fence walls then became indeterminate urban places, object of subsequentfilling operations. For a long time, the theme of the conservation of the city walls hasprevailed over the issues of dejection and the cycles of ring roads, charactering theXIX century and the first half of the XX century. Yet, this recurring theme oftenproduces conservative actions for their own sake, in which the relics of the rampartsare surrounded by narrow and pointless gardens: a new form of insulation, that -when does not result in intentionally physical seclusion - at least so appears at theconceptual level, especially when the walls have been preserved for partial fragments.Today the necessity to take a step forward is strongly felt, rethinking about thespaces of the walls according to new processing and content, in which the city wallsresume to play a proactive role.