Discurso de ódio online : revisão sistemática dos fatores individuais e de contexto
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2021
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Com a propagação das redes sociais e plataformas digitais, o discurso de ódio online
tornou-se mais recorrente. Como tal, também a investigação sobre este tema tem aumentado
especialmente acerca do impacto do fenómeno nas vítimas. Não obstante, o conhecimento
sobre os fatores individuais e de contexto associados aos praticantes do discurso de ódio,
assim como a interligação entre os mesmos, ainda é escasso.
Os objetivos deste estudo são: (i) identificar caraterísticas psicológicas e sociais
presentes nos indivíduos que praticam o discurso de ódio online, mais especificamente
aspetos da história de vida e caraterísticas individuais; (ii) identificar, sistematizar e analisar
aspetos culturais e sociais que influenciam a expressão e perceção do fenómeno; (iii) e, por
último, analisar a associação entre fatores individuais e culturais.
Foram selecionados artigos de três bases de dados (Web of Science, Scopus e PsychoInfo)
no período entre janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019. Dos 200 artigos selecionados
inicialmente, vinte e cinco cumpriram os critérios de inclusão definidos. Aspetos
relacionados com a personalidade como o modelo “Big Five” e traços da “Dark Triad”,
fatores de risco e de proteção associados à família como o mau-trato na infância e dinâmicas
familiares marcadas pela desorganização, assim como estratégias parentais e suporte à
autonomia, nomeadamente, estão relacionadas com o envolvimento no discurso de ódio. A
literacia em relação ao discurso de ódio online, como o tempo dispensado online, vitimização
anterior, a influência do grupo de pares sobre o comportamento, assim como a posição do
indivíduo socialmente, como os valores morais, destacam-se entre os aspetos mais comuns
e relevantes que influenciam o envolvimento no discurso de ódio online. São ainda
discutidas as principais implicações para a prática clínica, destacando-se a necessidade de
intervir com os indivíduos praticantes.
With the spread of social networks and digital platforms, online hate speech has become more recurrent. As such, research on this subject has also increased especially on the impact of the phenomenon on victims. Nevertheless, knowledge about the individual and context factors associated with the practitioners of hate speech, as well as the interconnection between them, is still scarce. The objectives of this study are: (i) to identify psychological and social characteristics present in individuals who practice online hate speech, more specifically aspects of life history and individual characteristics; (ii) identify, systematize and analyse cultural and social aspects that influence the expression and perception of the phenomenon; (iii) and, finally, analyze the association between individual and cultural factors. Articles from three databases (Web of Science, Scopus and PsychoInfo) were selected between January 2014 and December 2019. Of the 200 articles initially selected, twenty-five met the inclusion criteria defined. Aspects related to personality such as the "Big Five" model and traits of the "Dark Triad", risk and protective factors associated with the family such as mistreatment in childhood and family dynamics marked by disorganization, as well as parental strategies and support for autonomy, namely, are related to involvement in hate speech. Online hate speech literacy, such as time spent online, previous victimization, the influence of the peer group on behavior, as well as the individual's socially position, such as moral values, stand out among the most common and relevant aspects that influence involvement in online hate speech. The main implications for clinical practice are also discussed, highlighting the need to intervene with practicing individuals
With the spread of social networks and digital platforms, online hate speech has become more recurrent. As such, research on this subject has also increased especially on the impact of the phenomenon on victims. Nevertheless, knowledge about the individual and context factors associated with the practitioners of hate speech, as well as the interconnection between them, is still scarce. The objectives of this study are: (i) to identify psychological and social characteristics present in individuals who practice online hate speech, more specifically aspects of life history and individual characteristics; (ii) identify, systematize and analyse cultural and social aspects that influence the expression and perception of the phenomenon; (iii) and, finally, analyze the association between individual and cultural factors. Articles from three databases (Web of Science, Scopus and PsychoInfo) were selected between January 2014 and December 2019. Of the 200 articles initially selected, twenty-five met the inclusion criteria defined. Aspects related to personality such as the "Big Five" model and traits of the "Dark Triad", risk and protective factors associated with the family such as mistreatment in childhood and family dynamics marked by disorganization, as well as parental strategies and support for autonomy, namely, are related to involvement in hate speech. Online hate speech literacy, such as time spent online, previous victimization, the influence of the peer group on behavior, as well as the individual's socially position, such as moral values, stand out among the most common and relevant aspects that influence involvement in online hate speech. The main implications for clinical practice are also discussed, highlighting the need to intervene with practicing individuals
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Orientação: Joana Maria Barreto Ramos de Almeida Cabral
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MESTRADO EM PSICOLOGIA CLÍNICA E DA SAÚDE, PSICOLOGIA, COMUNICAÇÃO DIGITAL, ÓDIO, PERSONALIDADE, PSYCHOLOGY, DIGITAL COMMUNICATION, HATE, PERSONALITY