Influência de um macrociclo competitivo (4 meses) na aptidão e no desempenho neuromuscular de atletas de Ginástica Rítmica
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2024
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aA ginástica rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade que requer a execução de movimentos rápidos e repetitivos na competição ao longo de, pelo menos, 90 segundos onde o treino da potência muscular e resistência anaeróbia assume preponderância. Objetivos: estudar a influência de um macrociclo competitivo de quatro meses na aptidão física e no desempenho neuromuscular de atletas de GR. Método: 18 ginastas portuguesas de diferentes níveis competitivos foram avaliadas em dois períodos competitivos separados por um macrociclo de treino de 4 meses, nas propriedades contrateis dos músculos Reto e Bicípite Femoral (Tensiomiografia e Biodex), na força explosiva dos membros inferiores (MI) (Chronojump), velocidade, agilidade, características físicas, composição corporal (bioimpedância) e maturação biológica. Foram utilizados os testes t-Student e Wilcoxon para comparar as médias de cada variável nos dois momentos de avaliação. O software utilizado na análise estatística foi a v. 21 IBM SPSS Statistics, com um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: observou-se uma redução significativa no peso das ginastas, juntamente com uma diminuição na massa gorda. A força explosiva dos MI, apresentou uma diminuição considerável na maioria das variáveis (~ 30%; p? 0.001) enquanto o desempenho no salto específico da modalidade, Salto Gazela, melhorou significativamente. Em relação membros superiores, observou-se uma diminuição significativa no desempenho do lançamento de bola medicinal sentado (~ 12%; p ? 0.05). A agilidade e características neuromusculares também foram afetadas, com muitas das variáveis a registar diminuições significativas entre os dois momentos de avaliação. Notavelmente, a simetria funcional satisfatória observada nas características neuromusculares sugere uma boa distribuição de força entre os membros (Rácio agonista/antagonista a 60° joelho esquerdo, ~ 3.79%; p = 0.003). Conclusão: a redução das diferentes formas de manifestação de força indica a necessidade de um foco mais específico no desenvolvimento dessas capacidades físicas. Esses resultados são importantes para orientar futuras estratégias e programas de treino mais adequados, visando uma abordagem mais holística tanto para a saúde das atletas quanto para a otimização do desempenho atlético. Palavras-chave: Ginástica Rítmica, Macrociclo Competitivo, Aptidão Física, Desempenho Neuromuscular, Treino Desportivo.
The Effects of a Four-Month Competitive Macrocycle on Physical Fitness and Neuromuscular Performance in Rhythmic Gymnasts Introduction: Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a sport that demands the execution of rapid and repetitive movements during competition, lasting at least 90 seconds, where muscle power and anaerobic endurance training are paramount. Objectives: To study the influence of a four-month competitive macrocycle on RG athletes’ physical fitness and neuromuscular performance. Methods: Eighteen Portuguese gymnasts of different competitive levels were evaluated in two competitive periods separated by a four-month training macrocycle. Assessments included the contractile properties of the Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris muscles (Tensiomyography and Biodex), lower limb explosive strength (Chronojump), speed, agility, physical characteristics, body composition (bioimpedance), and biological maturation. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the means of each variable across the two assessment points. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v. 21, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: A significant reduction in gymnasts' weight and body fat mass was observed. Lower limb explosive strength showed a considerable decrease in most variables (~30%; p≤0.001), while performance in the specific jump, Gazelle Leap, significantly improved. Upper limb performance in the seated medicine ball throw showed a significant decrease (~12%; p≤0.05). Agility and neuromuscular characteristics were also affected, with many variables showing significant decreases between the two assessment points. Notably, the satisfactory functional symmetry observed in neuromuscular characteristics suggests a good distribution of strength between limbs (Agonist/Antagonist Ratio at 60° left knee, ~3.79%; p=0.003). Conclusion: The reduction in different forms of strength manifestation indicates the need for a more specific focus on developing these physical capacities. These results are important for guiding future training strategies and programs, aiming for a more holistic approach to both the athletes' health and the optimization of athletic performance. Keywords: Rhythmic Gymnastics, Competitive Macrocycle, Physical Fitness, Neuromuscular Performance, Sports Training
The Effects of a Four-Month Competitive Macrocycle on Physical Fitness and Neuromuscular Performance in Rhythmic Gymnasts Introduction: Rhythmic Gymnastics (RG) is a sport that demands the execution of rapid and repetitive movements during competition, lasting at least 90 seconds, where muscle power and anaerobic endurance training are paramount. Objectives: To study the influence of a four-month competitive macrocycle on RG athletes’ physical fitness and neuromuscular performance. Methods: Eighteen Portuguese gymnasts of different competitive levels were evaluated in two competitive periods separated by a four-month training macrocycle. Assessments included the contractile properties of the Rectus Femoris and Biceps Femoris muscles (Tensiomyography and Biodex), lower limb explosive strength (Chronojump), speed, agility, physical characteristics, body composition (bioimpedance), and biological maturation. Paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the means of each variable across the two assessment points. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v. 21, with a significance level set at 5%. Results: A significant reduction in gymnasts' weight and body fat mass was observed. Lower limb explosive strength showed a considerable decrease in most variables (~30%; p≤0.001), while performance in the specific jump, Gazelle Leap, significantly improved. Upper limb performance in the seated medicine ball throw showed a significant decrease (~12%; p≤0.05). Agility and neuromuscular characteristics were also affected, with many variables showing significant decreases between the two assessment points. Notably, the satisfactory functional symmetry observed in neuromuscular characteristics suggests a good distribution of strength between limbs (Agonist/Antagonist Ratio at 60° left knee, ~3.79%; p=0.003). Conclusion: The reduction in different forms of strength manifestation indicates the need for a more specific focus on developing these physical capacities. These results are important for guiding future training strategies and programs, aiming for a more holistic approach to both the athletes' health and the optimization of athletic performance. Keywords: Rhythmic Gymnastics, Competitive Macrocycle, Physical Fitness, Neuromuscular Performance, Sports Training
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SPORT, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS, COMPETITION, WOMEN'S SPORTS, PHYSICAL FITNESS, SPORTS COACHING, MESTRADO EM TREINO DESPORTIVO, DESPORTO, EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA, GINÁSTICA RÍTMICA, COMPETIÇÃO, DESPORTO FEMININO, APTIDÃO FÍSICA, TREINO DESPORTIVO, Mestrado em Treino Desportivo